Brazil The Millennium Development Goals - 1518 Words

On the surface, Brazil does not appear as a country ravaged by poverty however, portions of it are; and its environmental stability is an enormous factor of this. In 2000 the United Nations concocted a plan to assist countries like Brazil; thus the Millennium Development Goals emerged. In essence, the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs for short) are a set of targets set to challenge extreme poverty across the globe. As Brazil is not a ‘traditional’ country in the subject of poverty so a specific target had to be included for it to fit in with the MDGs. Target 9 includes two factors: the amount of land covered by forest and the protection of biodiversity, which pinpoint Brazil as a country in need. In Brazil, tourism and the need for lumber are dwindling both the biodiversity of the country, as well as cutting down on the area of land covered by forest. Therefore, Brazil’s ecology and demand for resources cause it to be looked at as a country in need, despite its modernization being equivalent to the rest of the world. With this being said, Brazil’s ecosystem has remained relatively unaffected by change in the last two decades. It will be challenging for Brazil to achieve the seventh Millennium Development Goal of ensuring environmental stability due its lack of a strong governmental structure, a dwindling economy, and the miniscule amount of groups assisting Brazil. The first portion of understanding why Brazil is unable to complete the MDG goal of environmental stabilityShow MoreRelatedA Short Summary : Qualitative Change1154 Words   |  5 PagesA Qualitative Change, or Old Wine in a New Bottle? South–South Development Cooperation Between Brazil and Mozambique through ProSAVANA 1. Introduction At a time when Western geopolitical supremacy is on the wane and the axis of global power tilts irreversibly away from age-old hegemons, significant changes are brewing across the international development scene (Gore 2013). This climate surfaced in the wake of the agricultural push of the 21st century in the aftermath of the world food price andRead MoreEssay on Brazil’s Developing Economy1941 Words   |  8 PagesIn the current economic times the development and growth of any economy has come to a near stop or at least to a drastic slow down. The face of the global economic environment has changed and many new countries are starting to change the way their country and the rest of the world does business. One such nation is Brazil, who has turned around their own economic troubles and is becoming one of the fastest growing economies in the world (World Factbook). Brazil has started developing its economyRead MoreCombat HIV / AIDS And Sub-Saharan Africa1363 Words   |  6 Pagesachieve, with numbers remaining fairly similar over the last couple of decades and growth as small as 2 percent in poorer regions such as sub-Saharan Africa (The Millennium, 2015). For a developed nation, the idea of giving birth to a child without a skilled physician nearby monitoring the situation, or clinician of some degree not assisting with the birthing process is unfathomable. Yet, this is a reality in many developing nations across the world, especially the rural communities such as thoseRead MoreWhat is sustainability? Essay1470 Words   |  6 Pagesto take you through the 3 topics in question separately before looking into whether or not sustainability is now even possible given the destruction we have already caused to the planet. I will also look into the millennium development goals as set out by the United Nations where in goal 7 they aimed to â€Å"ensure environmental sustainability†. Towards the end of this essay I will give critical analysis to whether or not I believe personally sustainability is achievable. What is sustainability? TheRead MorePromoting Environmental Stability For Poverty Reduction And Sustainable Development Essay1677 Words   |  7 PagesTopic 1: Promoting Environmental Stability for Poverty Reduction and sustainable Development Introduction In UNEP’s Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment in 2016 report, they discovered that the developing world’s investment in renewable energy now accounts for more than 50% of all investments in renewable energies . As defined by the United Nations, sustainable development is â€Å"development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirRead MoreThe Importance of Biodiversity Loss1087 Words   |  4 Pagesdisplaced numerous plants and animals into extinction. However, in the past century, the rate at which species have been dying off has increased dramatically. No country is immune from biodiversity loss. For example: 1) The Amazonian Rainforests of Brazil and Peru are known to be home to several rare and undiscovered organisms. However, the Amazon has lost 17% of its rainforests in the past 50 years as a result of logging or converting rainforests into pastures and farms. 2) Coral reefs in the CaribbeanRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility And Csr1555 Words   |  7 Pagesunderstand how Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) works in the Brazilian market. CSR is quite a recent theme in the world, and even more in Brazil. There is not an exclusive concept accepted when it comes to the definition of CSR, (Araujo, 2006; Oliveira Claro; Pimentel Claro; Lucci, 2009). According to Passador (2002), the first CSR concept in Brazil (between businesses, society and the State) emerged with the publication of the Brazilian Social Report by the Brazilian Institute of Social AnalysisRead MoreThe Objectives Of The Millennium Development Goals1521 Words   |  7 PagesThe Millennium Development Goals are a blueprint that was agreed on by the nations of the world to meet the needs of the world’s poor and are to be achieved by 2015. They are to eliminate poverty globally in all its forms. These goals are continually checked through their indicators that determine how much progress has been made. Reports have been done to keep track of progress. The United Nations partners with many agencies, governments, donors and regional commissions in the a chievement of theRead MoreObjectives Of The Millennium Development Goals1523 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The Millennium Development Goals are a blueprint that was agreed on by the nations of the world to meet the needs of the world’s poor and are to be achieved by 2015. They are to eliminate poverty globally in all its forms. These goals are continually checked through their indicators that determine how much progress has been made. Reports have been done to keep track of progress. The United Nations partners with many agencies, governments, donors and regional commissions in the achievementRead MoreCristiano Ronaldo Compared to the Brazilian Ronaldo1062 Words   |  4 PagesRonaldo became Save the Childrens new Global Artist Ambassador, in which he hopes to help fight child hunger and obesity. In March 2013, Ronaldo agreed to be the ambassador for The Mangrove Care Forum in Indonesia. Ronaldo became a United Nations Development Programme Goodwill Ambassador in 2000. Cristiano Ronaldo has donated â‚ ¬1.5 million to Palestinian children in Gaza, the Arabic version of the clubà ¢â‚¬â„¢s Classico network reports, he also sold most of his sports shoes at a Real Madrid Foundation auction

Differences Between England and Poland Education - 1185 Words

At the moment Polish system of education is being reformed. Here are a lot of questions without answers. In Poland children start education since the age of 3. It’s not an education as like in primary school but it’s a beggining. This kind of education is called Kindergarden. Children usuallyplay there. But it’s optional. In comprarison to British education, Pole children go to Kindergardens one year later than their peer in Britain but thair have a choice what kind of Kindergarden they’ll go. Of course not children but their parents decide about it. They can make a decision wheter their kids will go to general or specialised kindergarden like music, art, languages etc. There are only general kindergardens in Great Britain. In both†¦show more content†¦Children spend most of the day with a class teacher and they have specialist teachers for subject such as Music and French. Secondary stage: Secondary Schools can be devided into 2 types: Comprehensive and Grammar schools. Comprehensive schools discover children’s skills. This sector has seen an increasing diversification with the comerance of â€Å"specialist schools† and setting up of action zones in areas of educational uderachivment. Grammar schools choose their pupils. There are small number of state secondary schools thet are selective. They admit children who they feel will suit the style of education on offer. Entry is usually by verbal tests that are designed to spot the more able children and reports from the previous school. The verbal reasoning tests try to measure thinking ability rather than knowledge through cracking codes, finding missing letters and spotting the pattern in a series of numbers. In the first year after moving to secondary school, choldren may be though in mixed ability classes for most subjects. Up to the age of fourteen give a broad, balanced education. From 14 to 16 pupils thaugh in the groups that relate to the subjects and levels for their GCSEs (General Certificates os Secondary Education). The first five years of secondary schools focus on studies that must include the three â€Å"core† subjects of mathematics English and science. In addition, pupils take theShow MoreRelatedCultural Differences Between Poland and England2522 Words   |  11 Pageslanguage, nationality, education, profession, group, religion, family, social class, corporate culture. All these elements influence every member of a society and thus, culture is learnt and transmitted to others. Differences between people within any given nation or culture are much greater than differences between groups. Polish people and British, although have a lot of common in terms of historical inheritance, they vary in many aspects of social life and these differences naturally affect theRead MoreEssay On Trade1681 Words   |  7 Pagescountries that are in the same region and trade with each other; Estonia, Republic of Latvia, Poland, Hellenic Republic and Republic of Austria. We will be giving you a small look into the back ground of each, and overview of trade flows between our countries and initiatives from environmental sustainability. Profiles: Estonia is an Eastern European country which borders the Baltic Sea and Gulf of Finland, between Latvia and Russia. Estonia has a land mass of 42,388 sq. km, which is about twice theRead MoreDevry Hist 405 Final Exam - Latest1189 Words   |  5 Pagesaristocratic explorer. Type: MC Question 3.3. (TCO 4) Why did English immigration to the colonies drop dramatically after 1660? (Points : 2) The English were no longer sought after as indentured servants. The political turmoil in England kept them close to home. The English economy improved and political and religious conflict diminished. The English were opposed to the growing slave trade in the colonies. Type: MC Question 4.4. (TCO 4) The Great AwakeningRead MoreHist 405 Final Exam Latest Devry1210 Words   |  5 Pagesmissionaries. an aristocratic explorer. Type: MC Question 3.3. (TCO 4) Why did English immigration to the colonies drop dramatically after 1660? (Points : 2) The English were no longer sought after as indentured servants. The political turmoil in England kept them close to home. The English economy improved and political and religious conflict diminished. The English were opposed to the growing slave trade in the colonies. Type: MC Question 4.4. (TCO 4) The Great Awakening led to (Points : 2) Read MoreCulture Essay1357 Words   |  6 PagesCulture Essay Mallory McBlaine Sociology 121 I decided to interview Ola Krupinksa, a polish sixteen year old currently living in the United States. Ola was born in Poland but moved here at the age of five. Interview: 1.Your definition of culture? Answer: Beliefs, customs and arts of a particular society. 2.How do you define family? Answer: Family is people who you care about and would do anything for. 3. Who holds the most â€Å"status† in your family? Why? Answer: My dad; he is theRead More History of Germany Essay1416 Words   |  6 Pagesterritory was lost to France and Sweden. In the following years, imperial power declined as states gained more power. This power struggle led to a century of resistance against German rule and persecution. The French revolution sparked a new war between France and its Eastern neighbors. In 1803 Napoleon relaunched the war against the Roman Empire and abolished almost all the smaller secular states and most of the imperial free cities (Wikipedia). The Roman Empire was formally dissolved on AugustRead MoreHitler s Foreign Aims For The World War II Essay1452 Words   |  6 PagesSeptember 1, 1939, Germany attacked Poland, which led to France and Britain declaring war on Germany on September 2nd. After World War II, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin agreed to divide Germany. This division allowed Russia to refuse to give Eastern Europe free elections. The newly appointed U.S. President, Harry Truman, demanded that Stalin allow free elections, but his refusal led Truman to stop aiding the Soviet Union, which started the Cold War between the U.S.S.R and its allies from WorldRead MoreLiving in a multicultural society takes time1547 Words   |  7 Pagesor cultural groups coexisting in harmony in the same society. From the early 19th century people have immigrated to England, developing its diversity. During World War 2 polish and Jewish people immigrated to the UK to escape fascism. Also as the UK is part of the European Union, free and fair movement between the 28 member states means that there are no limits on immigration between these countries. This has seen it compulsory for the UK to adapt and change in order to accommodate for these individualsRead MoreIdentity Theory And Social Identity1228 Words   |  5 Pagesam and who I am based on his group membership. This is basically a line between oneself and the alien. In this assignment I will discuss the brief biography of the developers of the social identity theory, the definition of the theory, aspects of the theory, a case study, the critics and future application. Henry Tajfel and John Turner developed Social Identity Theory in 1979. Henry Tajfel born on 22 June 1919 in Poland. He was one of the most famous and influential psychologists of the 20thRead MoreSecurity of the Political and Social Position of the Nobility in Early Modern Europe1357 Words   |  6 PagesEurope The nobility of early modern Europe were descended on the whole from the mounted knights of medieval armies who had been granted land along with social and political privileges and had subsequently formed a higher social class. Between 1500-1789 the status of the aristocracy came under threat both politically and socially. The rise of ‘absolutism’ within the monarchies of Europe led to the desire of governments to reduce noble power and bypass several of their privileges

Contemporary Family and Strength Framework-myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theContemporary Family and Strength Framework. Answer: Review of the concept of family in contemporary society Traditionally, a family refers to a structured patriarchal institution that consists of a father, mother, and children living together under one roof (Shapiro, 2008). However, due to the societal changes, a contemporary 21st-century society has ignored the traditional prototype to introduce a new meaning to a family. In the contemporary society, a family can consist married couples who have children but are not living together under one roof. This is due to the numerous incidents of separations resulting from different types of misunderstanding between couples, which forces one-half of the couple to live separately yet they still form a family. A family in a contemporary society also refer to unmarried couples who have children but and are cohabiting or not living together at all (Shapiro, 2008). A family in the contemporary society can refer to a childless couple who live together but have adopted a child. The couple becomes the parents of the child through adoption. Finally, famili es in the contemporary society also refer to same sex couples who have chosen to live together as a family. This type of family has emerged due to the increased push for the rights of Lesbians, Gays, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) individuals. This type of family forms a large percentage of those who adopt and raise children. Family strength framework description The Family Strength Framework (FSF) is a nursing tool that consists of eight major dimensions that used to determine the strength of a family as described below. Commitment: The level of focus that family members have placed on promoting the happiness, relationships, and the welfare of the family. Affection: How a family promotes personal value and self-worth of every family member (Arshat, Baharudin, Juhari, Hasbullah, Ishak, 2012). Togetherness: The degree of unity that exists within a given family. Communication: The family uses effective conversation and listening skills to address issues that are affecting them as a family Resilience: The ability of the family to handle crisis and stressful situations that they encounter. Sharing activities: How well a family divide and share responsibilities amongst the members. It also refers to how well-balanced the family members are committed to activities within and outside the family. Support: How well the family members help one another to deal with the situations that are affecting them, for example, during grief or illnesses. Acceptance: How the family members accept one another as their member and how this contributes to the bond and love for one another in the family. Family strength framework application to health care practice There are several ways through which the FSF can be applied in the health care service. For an affective application, the health care practitioners can use the FSF to identify the strengths of a family based on the eight dimension and developing an appropriate feedback for use in health care service delivery. A health care practitioner can use the FSF to help a family to effectively cope with crisis and stressful events (Zarnaghash, Zarnaghash, Zarnaghash, 2013). During a health care program, a care provider can use the resilience dimension of the FSF to provide a family with consistent information to use to acquire counseling services to enable them to overcome the stressful factors (Sallee, Giardino, Sanborn, 2012). Here, the care provider will also be required to boost positive communication among members of the involved family by utilizing effective listening skills and by establishing trust to help the family members to be free with one another and also with their counselor to improve patient outcome during the counseling period. Care providers can also apply FSF to help families to boost family relationship by carrying out an assessment of the familys degree of support and commitment to both short and long term relationship. A healthy family depends on the strength of the relationship that exists among the family members (DeFrain Stinnett, 2002). This is because factors such as dependability, honesty, and support for one another contributes significantly to the emotional and physical well-being of an individual. In this regard, due to the associated health benefits, care providers need to promote a familys commitment to one another, particularly during sickness. Finally, care providers can also enlighten family members on how to show support and affection to their sick members. In cases of where there is a lack of sufficient affection and support for one another, a care provider can develop strategies to help boost the family members togetherness and love for one another. For example, the involvement of a patients family member in developing the treatment plan of a patient helps in the development of a patient-centered care plan that improves patient outcome (Sittner, Hudson, Defrain, 2007). Besides, patients visits by family members play a major part in boosting the emotional and physical well-being of a patient. Bibliography List Arshat, Z., Baharudin, R., Juhari, R., Hasbullah, M, Ishak, N. R., 2012, Research report of Development Malaysian Family Strengths Scale, Funded by Ministry of Higher Learning. DeFrain, J., Stinnett, N., 2002, Family strengths, In J. J. Ponzetti, Jr. (Ed.),International encyclopedia of marriage and family(2nd ed., pp. 637-642). Macmillan: New York, NY. Sallee, Alvin; Giardino, Angelo P.; and Sanborn, R. D., 2012, Family Strengths: A Long Tradition, Journal of Family Strengths, Vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1-2. Shapiro, S., 2008, The Theme of the Family in Contemporary Society and Positive Family Psychology, Journal lf family Psychotherapy, Vol. 15, no. 1-2, pp. 19-38. Sittner, B. J. Hudson, D. B., Defrain, J., 2007. Using the concept of family strengths to enhance nursing care, MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs.Vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 353-357. Zarnaghash, M., Zarnaghash, M., Zarnaghash, N., 2013, The relationship between family communication patterns and mental health, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 84, pp. 405 410.

Love your neighbour free essay sample

The article I have chosen Is Children are the best peacemakers in the Middle East and was written by Izzeldin Abuelaish. In this article, it focuses on a women having a law suit against Isreal for the killing of her two daughters. In order to get closure, The women wanted Israel to understand the pain she and others have faced, not deny it or ignore it in arrogance and ignorance. These traits are currently dominating the decisions being made and they cannot progress to a state of goodwill unless that changes. People are not just numbers and statistics. She wanted them to know that we feel pain, we love, we hurt. One of the biggest pains for her was when the legal adviser to the Israeli Ministry of Defence described her daughters deaths as collateral damage. It is for those children, and for her three daughters and niece who She lost in the Gaza war, that she tour numerous countries, trying to promote justice, respect and the understanding that we are human and we are fundamentally the same. We will write a custom essay sample on Love your neighbour or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The journey is difficult, because she is often away from home, but her soul is energised by the people I meet along the way others who hope, like her, that a peaceful solution will be found to a crisis that has already gone on for far too long. The women implore Israelis and Palestinians to develop the necessary moral courage and responsibility to move forward with actions towards a process that would save the lives of families and, most important, children. Instead of moving tanks, there needs to be a movement of hearts. Instead of continuing a cycle of action and reaction, there needs to be action on the ground, not just talks. Each of us should do our part, depending on our circumstances and abilities. All the military might of the Israeli state is not providing it with security and safety. In the article, she also says that all the rockets going into Beersheba are not providing Palestinians with the rights they are entitled to. The Israeli government has enforced a statute of limitation for Palestinians to challenge and ask questions. After that, the assumption is that we should forget our loved ones, that we should move on. The women in the article says that as long as she is alive, her daughters will live on with her. She also says as long as she is walking on a path towards justice and peace, her daughters will be walking with her. Justice for her daughters is striving to ensure that more young lives are not lost. This article is strictly representing peacemaking, not only with justice, but with rights. I think this article shows a sign of Love your Neighbor and peacemaking because this women put herself in a position to forgive the ones who have hurt her, and not only move on, but pass the message on. Peacemaking and justice should be taught and passed on, and thats exactly what this women did. She wanted everyone to love their neighbors so that there would be no more conflict between people. As she traveled, she told her story, and was hopeful that people would listen to her so that lives would not be lost anymore. Peacemaking is made by teaching the people around you what is right. This women did not fight back and make things worse when her daughters died, but instead she made a decision to teach people all around the world how to take care of the people around them, which are infact their neighbors, so that the world will be a better place. This also shows what Love your neighbor means because loving your neighbor means to love them as your love yourself, and to love them and treat them the way you want to be treated. The women in this article took matters into her own hands and decided to treat other people around her as she toured, the way she wants those people to act in the world. This made her feel like no conflict would happen if we just respected each other. Loving your neighbor does not just mean to love people that love you, or are your friends. Love your enemies so that you can help them love others around them. The women in this article believed that the biggest thing for her was to keep her daughters with her, and she knew this is what her daughters wanted her to do. She stayed on a path towards justice and peace because she believes that justice for her neighbors will strive to bring more peace in the world. Notice that loving your neighbors isnt only to be good with the people around you, it is to share and give back, but most importantly to strive for justice within everyone because if we have a strong relationship with everyone, our relationship with God will only get stronger, and I believe that thi women not only strengthened her relationship with God, but with her daughters as well.

The Siege of Veracruz

The Siege of Veracruz The Siege of Veracruz: The siege of Veracruz was an important event during the Mexican-American War (1846-1848). The Americans, determined to take the city, landed their forces and began a bombardment of the city and its forts. The American artillery did great damage, and the city surrendered on March 27, 1847 after a 20-day siege. Capturing Veracruz allowed the Americans to support their army with supplies and reinforcements, and led to the capture of Mexico City and Mexicos surrender. The Mexican-American War: After years of tension, war had broken out between Mexico and the USA in 1846. Mexico was still angry about the loss of Texas, and the USA coveted Mexicos northwestern lands, such as California and New Mexico. At first, General Zachary Taylor invaded Mexico from the north, hoping Mexico would surrender or sue for peace after a few battles. When Mexico kept fighting, the USA decided to open another front and sent an invasion force led by General Winfield Scott to take Mexico City from the east. Veracruz would be an important first step. Landing at Veracruz: Veracruz was guarded by four forts: San Juan de Ulà ºa, which covered the harbor, Concepcià ³n, which guarded the northern approach of the city, and San Fernando and Santa Barbara, which guarded the city from the land. The fort at San Juan was particularly formidable. Scott decided to leave it alone: he instead landed his forces a few miles south of the city at Collada beach. Scott had thousands of men on dozens of warships and transports: the landing was complicated but began on March 9, 1847. The amphibious landing was barely contested by the Mexicans, who preferred to remain in their fortresses and behind the high walls of Veracruz. The Siege of Veracruz: Scotts first aim was to cut off the city. He did so by keeping the fleet near the harbor but out of reach of the guns of San Juan. Then he spread his men out in a rough semi-circle around the city: within a few days of the landing the city was basically cut off. Using his own artillery and some massive borrowed cannons from the warships, Scott began pounding the city walls and fortifications on March 22. He had selected a fine position for his guns, where he could hit the city but the city’s guns were ineffective. The warships in the harbor also opened fire. The Surrender of Veracruz: Late in the day on March 26, the people of Veracruz (including the consuls of Great Britain, Spain, France and Prussia, who had not been allowed to leave the city) convinced the ranking military officer, General Morales, to surrender (Morales escaped and had a subordinate surrender in his stead). After some haggling (and the threat of renewed bombardment) the two sides signed an agreement on March 27. It was fairly generous to the Mexicans: the soldiers were disarmed and set free although made to promise not to take up arms again against the Americans. The property and religion of civilians was to be respected. The Occupation of Veracruz: Scott made a great effort to win the hearts and minds of the citizens of Veracruz: he even dressed up in his best uniform to attend mass at the cathedral. The port was re-opened with American customs officers, attempting to re-coup some of the costs of war. Those soldiers who stepped out of line were punished harshly: one man was hanged for rape. Still, it was an uneasy occupation. Scott was in a hurry to get inland before Yellow Fever season could begin. He left a garrison at each of the forts and began his march: before long, he would meet General Santa Anna at the Battle of Cerro Gordo. Results of the Siege of Veracruz: At the time, the assault on Veracruz was the largest amphibious attack in history. It is a credit to Scotts planning that it went as smoothly as it did. In the end, he took the city with fewer than 70 casualties, killed and injured. Mexican figures are unknown, but estimated to be 400 soldiers and 400 civilians killed, with countless more injured. For the invasion of Mexico, Veracruz was a crucial first step. It was an auspicious beginning to an invasion and had many positive effects on the American war effort. It gave Scott the prestige and confidence he would need to march to Mexico City and made the soldiers believe that winning was possible. For the Mexicans, the loss of Veracruz was a disaster. It was probably a foregone conclusion - the Mexican defenders were outgunned - but to have any hopes of successfully defending their homeland they needed to make the landing and capture of Veracruz costly for the invaders. This they failed to do, giving the invaders control of an important port. Sources: Eisenhower, John S.D. So Far from God: the U.S. War with Mexico, 1846-1848. Norman: the University of Oklahoma Press, 1989 Scheina, Robert L. Latin Americas Wars, Volume 1: The Age of the Caudillo 1791-1899 Washington, D.C.: Brasseys Inc., 2003. Wheelan, Joseph. Invading Mexico: Americas Continental Dream and the Mexican War, 1846-1848. New York: Carroll and Graf, 2007.

3 Types of Word Treatment

3 Types of Word Treatment 3 Types of Word Treatment 3 Types of Word Treatment By Mark Nichol Spelling, capitalization, and italicization are three aspects of writing that careful writers will attend to. This post discusses the importance of recognizing standards and making conscious decisions when contemplating deviating from them. Spelling Employing proper spelling is one of the fundamentals of composition. Unfortunately, the explosive increase in writing opportunities afforded by the internet and social media makes it easier for careless writers to spread viral errors. Where in the past, few print publications would allow mistakes like definately and predominately, today, such misspellings are rampant on websites and blogs and in texts, not to mention in some professionally produced print publications and on occasional television broadcasts- including in chyrons, the electronically generated captions that appear below talking heads on TV. Deteriorating writing skills and declining editing standards result in frequent spelling errors, and the only effective defense is a good offense: Proactively double-check spelling- using not just spell-checking functions (which are not infallible) but also print or online dictionaries (which are virtually perfectly reliable). Dictionaries and other writing resources also protect writers from using incorrect or outdated word forms. For example, the few remaining hyphenated compound nouns are undergoing an evolution, as writers increasingly omit the hyphen and treat these terms as closed compounds- sometimes in a conscious decision to accelerate what is almost always an inevitable process but far more often simply out of ignorance. Changes from, for example, mind-set to mindset and start-up to startup are inevitable, but the former choice in each case is still the form listed in most dictionaries, so avoid the variant until it becomes the norm. Capitalization Capitalization, which, with few exceptions, denotes a proper noun, in such usage distinguishes the specific from the generic, but it is employed erroneously primarily in two contexts. First, generic job titles are often mistakenly capitalized. When Jane Smith is identified as a senator, capitalize the job title if it appears before her name: â€Å"Senator Jane Smith.† And when the job title substitutes for the person’s name in direct address- when someone says or writes, for example, â€Å"Excuse me, Senator, do you have a moment?† the word is capitalized. In government or legal documents, the â€Å"publisher† may insist on capitalizing the job title even in isolation: â€Å"The Senator abstained.† But in all other usage, the term is generic- Jane Smith is being described as one of those entities designated as a senator. Take care, too, about capitalizing only exact job titles. When referring to Thomas Jones, whose official designation is director of communications and marketing, write â€Å"Director of Communications and Marketing Thomas Jones,† to be formal, or â€Å"marketing director Thomas Jones,† in more casual contexts, but not â€Å"Marketing Director Thomas Jones.† (And after the name, the job title is almost invariably not capitalized; a rare exception is the exact name of an endowed professorship. Capitalization is also standard after names on lists, on rà ©sumà ©s, and so on.) In addition, descriptions of people that identify their profession or role but are not formal job titles are not capitalized: â€Å"The truck belongs to electrician John Smith†; â€Å"She thanked team captain Mary Jones for her support.† Similarly, a term identifying a nonliving entity should be capitalized only as part of the full name: for example, â€Å"the Mississippi River,† but â€Å"the river† (with exceptions for poetic license, as when such an entity is personified), or â€Å"the Development Committee,† but â€Å"the committee† (again, in legalese, such terms may appear capitalized). Italicization Italics serve to call attention to a word, phrase, or sentence; two primary functions are to identify a foreign term and to emphasize one or more words the writer wishes the reader to notice. However, the pitfall in the case of both functions is overuse. In the case of apparently foreign words or phrases, double-check that the term is in fact still technically considered foreign; many such words and phrases have been assimilated into English (evidenced by their inclusion in English dictionaries) and are no longer considered to require emphasis. (Note, too, that some writers and publishers decide that when a foreign term is used repeatedly in one piece of content, and it is defined or explained on first reference, it is italicized only in that first instance.) And when considering whether to italicize a word, phrase, or sentence to make it stand out, think twice about whether the emphasis is merited or helpful; frequent employment of any tool or technique can diminish its effectivenes s. A third common function of italics is to call attention to a word being used to name itself rather than the concept for which the word stands; compare â€Å"Moron originally denoted a mildly retarded person† and â€Å"A moron is a stupid person.† Because of this distinction, italics should not be employed to introduce a term unless the word is described as a word, as in the disclaimer â€Å"In observing the historical context of psychiatry in the early twentieth century, we use moron according to its original medical definition: ‘a mildly retarded person.’† In spelling, capitalization, and italicization, as in any aspect of writing, the writer or publisher may choose to deviate from accepted standards, but the ultimate consideration should be whether the reader is being served by a decision that affects one or more aspects, or whether communication is being compromised rather than enhanced. In addition, a writer may ignore these standards for artistic reasons, such as in representing dialect or a fictional character’s illiteracy or overly emphatic speech patterns. Again, however, the writer should weigh the consequences of such a decision and practice moderation. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Useful Stock Phrases for Your Business Emails45 Synonyms for â€Å"Old† and â€Å"Old-Fashioned†9 Forms of the Past Tense

David cole interviews dr. franciszek piper ( RESPOND ) Movie Review

David cole interviews dr. franciszek piper ( RESPOND ) - Movie Review Example The point Cole tries to make here is that most of the evidence and facts about mass homicides at Auschwitz were either incorrect or exaggerated by the Soviet Union to serve their propaganda during the time of war and how on a larger scale, facts and figures of war have been manipulated in favor of the victorious. Cole’s documentary questions various undisputed facts and points out the anomalies in what has become an irrefutable part of human history. His interview with Senior Curator and Head of Archives at Auschwitz State Museum Dr. Franciszek Piper reveals some very interesting and at the same time contradictory information about the camp and the gas chamber that was used for mass homicide. After his visit to the camp in 1992 and based on years of research, Cole observes that Piper’s version of the gas chamber operations, its reconstruction by the Soviet Union, and the use of Zyklon B are inconsistent and highly debatable. Cole says that the Soviets exaggerated facts bringing the death toll to 4 million when the reality was only 1.1 and much of the evidences put forward during the Nuremberg trial were discredited later on or found to be false. Cole opines that if Hess was hanged for running an internment camp in Auschwitz where people died of disease and malnutrition, then the thousands of Japanese who died in the United States and the Germans killed in the post war POW camp under similar conditions should also be made accountable. Finally he suggests that war crimes do not have easy and justifiable answers without raising

Finance and Accounting Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Finance and Accounting - Case Study Example On the other hand, other business majors such as marketing and management majors have a wider impact. Other business majors are not just responsible for the shareholders of the company but to all the stakeholders of the company and the society/community in which the company operates. Therefore, it would be wrong to say that one business major has a greater responsibility than another to behave ethically. They all are required to equally behave ethically under all circumstances. Case 4.5 – Wiley Jackson There are only 2 decision alternative available: one is to mention what had happened in detail and the second would be to answer it as a ‘no’ and hide the fact and hope that the charge would be expunged from the record before anybody could know. I would choose the first decision and mention in detail what had happened at the party and how it does not showcase my true personality and ethics. The second alternative is too risky and cannot be considered. Another factor adding to this is that Sally Jones from the company was also present at the party and was aware of what had happened. The first decision is the right thing to do and I am confident that the management at company will understand that the criminal charge was result of chance and in no ways is related to my character or work ethic. Case 4.7 – David Quinn â€Å"Client Confidentiality† in the context of a CPA’s ethical responsibilities means that an organization or an individual from the organization will not reveal any information about their client to a third party without the client’s consent. Only instance where the information can be revealed is when there is a clear legal reason. Yes, David violated the accounting profession’s client confidentiality rule as he disclosed personal information with respect to his client to his friends who were in no way related to the client or his company. The information which was shared with David was for the pur pose of his job (accounting) and was confidential information. He had no authority or reason to disclose this information to his friends. This is unethical behaviour on part of David is in clear violation of accounting profession’s client confidentiality rule. Case 6.1 – Leigh Ann Walker Yes, one can fulfil the responsibilities of a professional role while lacking personal integrity. Fulfilling a professional role does not always require personal integrity as an individual who is committed, knowledgeable and has the skills required by the job can fulfil the responsibilities. But such an individual will only be able to do an average job. To be exceptional at a professional role an individual must be able to take personal responsibility and think and act appropriately. This cannot be accomplished by an individual who lacks personal integrity. In the case of Walker, she can be expected to fulfil the responsibilities of her professional role in normal circumstance but in r eally challenging situations where there are conflicts of interest, then her ability is questioned. Therefore, it is possible that an individual lacking personal integrity can fulfil the responsibilities of a professional role but will not be able to an exceptional job at it. Case 6.4 – Tommy O’Connell The roles and responsibilities of a staff accountant and audit senior are very different from each other.

Welfare and unemployment Essay Example for Free

Welfare and unemployment Essay Welfare is a term used to describe a wide spectrum of parameters for human well being. These parameters include security, education, economy, housing, health and natural environment. In essence, welfare encompasses wellness of all aspects of life. Basically, welfare can be defined as wellness or well doing or wellbeing in regard to enjoyment of health and common blessings of life, free from any evil or disasters; development and happiness. Welfare can be viewed in the perspective of both an individual and community as a whole. On the other hand, unemployment refers to a situation where an individual is available to work and currently searching for work but there is no where he/she can work. The level of unemployment is measured by unemployment rate which is usually described as the percentage of the people in the labor force who have gotten employed. It is a matter of course that unemployment impacts negatively to the welfare of the people in a country. These impacts occur at individual, family and community levels. Some of the impacts of unemployment that are commonly known include: poor housing, lack of income, poor health, lack of food, insecurity, lack of education , accumulation of debts, Xenophobia, protectionism and immigration hence it is agreeable among people of different quotas that unemployment and welfare are closely related (Anderson, 2000, 67) . To begin with, one of the most important measures of welfare is health. According to WHO, health is defined as a state of complete wellness physiologically, economically, socially and emotionally and not merely the absence of a disease or disability. In this regard, economy and social factors are key determinants of human health. The welfare of the economy and social status is dependent on the availability of work that provides employment to the people. In the contemporary world, employment means work which is consistent and money can be paid for it. The need for earning money has made a paying job as a top agenda in the priorities and lives of many people. Due to this reason, job has got a significant impact on the mental, physical and social health status of the society. There is a lot of documented research and empirical evidence on the effects of lack of jobs on the health of the people. Employment to may people gives them a sense of consistency, purpose and identity, belongingness, social identity and a chance for individual’s growth and development. In some cases, some say that it provides to them self-realization and creativity. When one is unemployed, he/she is considered to have lost these vital benefits and therefore it results to adverse effects to his/her health (Earney, 1997, 102). According to numerous studies that have conducted world wide, there seems to be a pattern of increasing mortality rate during the times of negative economic growth, such as time of increasing unemployment. For example, in Scotland (1983), there was a time lag of 0 to 13 years in its population, meaning that the death rate was increased by the continuously high and rising unemployment during that time. This association of health and unemployment can be depicted well in the studies of cardiovascular diseases. From analysis of various studies, it has been proved that there is a positive relationship of unemployment and coronary heart diseases deaths. This is basically because of the stress that is related with unemployment. From these studies, it has been specifically noted that, aged employees who were retrenched and the young people who are jobless are more prone to stroke and high blood pressure disorders than the other segments of the populations. The other measure of the association between unemployment and health is number of suicides. In the studies that have been conducted so far, it has been proved that in most cases, those who attempted suicide had been unemployed or jobless. This was more so among the adolescents males. Research has also shown that high risks of injury and accidents are related to unemployment (Nelson, 1999, 33). Unemployment has also been identified as one of the cause of the many mental problems being experienced of late. It is confirmed by research that immediate job loss, long time joblessness and many mental and physical health disorders are closely related. The mental health negative effects of joblessness include consistent depression, insomnia, self-harming feelings , anxiety, dullness, pessimism , decline in self esteem and reduced ability to make decision. In one of the studies in USA, it was found that the physicians recorded the highest number of psychiatric patients during the times of economic recession which is characterized by a lot of joblessness. Also, worthy noting was the unique finding that most health facilities received the highest number of clients in the times of economic difficulties contrary to the normal assumption of the people that patients increase at the time of economic boom when there is a lot of money in circulation for seeking healthcare. Unemployment does not spare the welfare of children either. It has been noted that children are adversely affected when the parents are jobless. In such cases, the families lack finances to cater for their basic needs like seeking for health care, education, shelter and food. This results to increased infant mortality, morbidity rates and hospital admissions. In one of the studies in Britain, it was found out that unemployment doubled the risk of sickness for young children who were admitted at the health facilities. Unemployment makes the young to suffer from material deprivation, depression and other psychological problems, somatic symptoms and sicknesses, juvenile delinquency, poor performance in school and lack of attachment to the parents. It has also been observed that child abuse and neglect becomes rampant when jobless occurs (Gulluly, 1998, 23). For women, the problem of unemployment hits the hardest. It predisposes them to the practice of prostitution so as to earn income for catering for their needs and their families. Such practice has resulted to quick spread of sexually transmitted infections like HIV and others. Moreover, joblessness among women leads to increased levels of the cases of maternal mortality . This is due to lack finances for seeking maternal health services, which in most developing countries are paid for. To worsen the situation, the married women have been on the receiving end in the times of unemployment since many men divorce them or run away leaving them with a heavy burden of feeding the families. Such cases have been reported in developing countries where the men leave their wives and migrate to other areas in the name of hunting for job. The ripple effect of this kind of migration is extended to food production in that it leads to the lack of manpower in rural areas and therefore agriculture is adversely affected. When it comes to the relationship between unemployment and housing, it is evident that the low level of income which is associated with unemployment results to mushrooming of informal settlements like slums in towns and squatters in rural areas. The unemployed lack money to rent descent houses or buy land of their own thus results to deviation of the law and settling in lands owned by other people. This leads to cycle of crimes and battles between the security officers and the jobless people. In addition to this, standards of living are affected with the informal settlement dwellers lacking basic necessities like drainage systems, water and other sanitation facilities hence frequent outbreaks of diseases (Snower, 2000, 16). In other cases, chronic lack of jobs leads to xenophobic attacks that polarizes the diplomatic relation of a country with others. This occurs due to thinking that unemployment results when the available jobs are being taken by a foreigner who is regarded as non citizens. During this kind of attacks, robbery, rape, destruction of property and demonstrations become the order of the day. To evade such adverse influences of unemployment, many countries have come up with economic strategic plans that attempt to ensure there are adequate employment opportunities to absorb jobless people and graduates from both universities and other tertiary level colleges. USA has been on the fore front in endeavor. The president-elect barrack Obama has come up with policies for the country to address the low level of unemployment that had occurred during the previous government (Adam, 2003, 86). These include provision of immediate tax cut for workers and their families. This aims to make half of the tax credit be available to the workers and the jobless thus maintaining the consumer expenditure, strengthening the economy as well as rescuing many Americans who are faced with economic challenges. Another strategy which president Oboma is using is the provision of immediate supplement to social security for the low and middle income seniors. This is because the president understands that high prices are overburdening the seniors surviving on fixed incomes. He is providing to the middle and low income that are not benefiting from the tax credit, an immediate one time supplement to their social security benefit. Establishment of a kitty to assist families from foreclosure is another way which Obama is using to cushion the low income earners and the unemployed. This plan will aid people to live in their residentials and renegotiate with their lenders as well as preventing more decline in property values thus reducing the effect of a national foreclosure crisis on the state and household budgets. Lastly, he has initiated the provision of relief for local and state governments badly hit by housing crisis to protect curtailment of services like health education and infrastructure. This is because the housing crisis and sinking economy has resulted to significant decline of revenue in both state and local governments. In conclusion therefore, it is of a paramount importance for any government to ensure that the economy is properly managed to produce employment opportunities since failure to do so may result to eruption of incidences that ripple the welfare of a country. Work cited Adams Frank. Unemployment and Social Decay in Urban areas. Routledge, London, 2003, pp. 86 Anderson Ewan. An Introduction to Essentials of Economics.. Praeger Publishers, Westport CT, 2000, pp. 67 Earney Fillmore. The Global Indicators of Social Welfare. Macmillan Publishers, London, 1997, pp. 102 Gulluly James. The Principles of Economics. W. H Fremmil, 1998, pp. 23 Nelson Daniel. Unemployment Insurance: The American Experience. University of Wisconsin, 1999, NewYork, pp. 33 Snower Dennis. Unemployment Benefits: An Assessment for Reforms. Macmillan Publishers, London, 2000, pp. 16

Antigone’s Judicial Hierarchy Essay -- Sophocles Antigone Papers

Antigone’s Judicial Hierarchy In Antigone, one of the most renowned Greek tragedies, Sophocles constructs a conflict that questions the very definition of justice. Considering a play based almost entirely on the acts of a single individual in clear defiance of a king’s decree, questions of right and wrong necessarily persist. It is difficult, however, for one to understand justice in deciphering the opinions of the two conflicting parties, Creon and Antigone, as these two clearly have opposing biased perspectives. It becomes prudent to examine the concept of justice in the eyes of the chorus, who has the necessary perspective to provide unbiased commentary in Antigone. Throughout Antigone, the chorus constructs a judicial hierarchy in which the subjects of the polis must submit to the laws of their king, and the king must fulfill his obligations according to the universal law established by the gods. The judicial hierarchy of Antigone is established early on in the tragedy, and is finally articulated clearly in the final lines spoken by the chorus. For the chorus, justice requires that the ruler of a polis have absolute power, and that his subjects follow his decrees to the letter. Early on, the chorus says, â€Å"to use any legal means lies in your power, both about the dead and those of us who live,† (ln.213-214). This could be interpreted simply as a citizen appealing to the hubris of his ruler, straying from honesty and moving toward appeasement, but given the manner in which the chorus interacts with Creon later in the play, it is much more likely that he truly believes that Creon, or any leader for that matter, is just in demanding that his laws be followed by his subjects. The implication here is that Creon has absolut... ...us in Antigone constructs a controversial conception of judicial hierarchy, which places accountability for the actions of a country’s subjects in the hands of the ruler and the accountability of that ruler in the hands of the gods. According to this system, both Antigone and Creon are guilty of injustices, and both received the just punishment for their actions. Antigone suffered at the hands of her ruler for the violation of his decrees, and rightly so. For what is a constitution in which the word of the sovereign is inefficacious? Creon suffered at the hands of the gods, to whom he alone was accountable. The pain that he feels as a result of the death of his son and wife is swift retribution from the gods, cutting off his foolish path, a path toward injustice. Works Cited Sophocles, Antigone. Trans. Grene. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1991.

Child centered educstion

The concept of child-centred education implies that the child occupies the central place in the educational process. The old concept of education emphasised the importance of the teacher who always remained at the giving end. The modern concept of education gives the pride of place to the child and places him at the centre-stage. Capacities, Needs and Interests of Child: As noted above, in child-centred education, the child is the centre of activity.This means, all programmes are geared to his requirements. In the Dictionary of Education, Prof. P. M. Lohithakshan elaborates the concept of child-centred education by saying that in this type of education â€Å"educational activities are designed and implemented on the basis of the capacities, needs and interests of children. Curricula, teaching methods, evaluation, co-curricular activities, etc. are all planned accordingly. † In the words of Prof. G. L.Arora, â€Å"Child-centred education means that for the rganisation of diffe rent processes of education, child's point of view-his needs, interests and aptitudes should get precedence over the teacher's, curriculum developer's or evaluator's point of view. † Educational programmes meaningful to Children. In child-centred education, educational programmes make learning more interesting and meaningful to children. Children-active participants In child-centred education, children become active participants in the teaching- learning process. They receive ample opportunities for active learning, social nteraction, problem solving and creative work in the classroom†, says Prof. Lohithakshan. Caters for individual differences Child-centred education caters for individual differences. Psychology and experience tells us that children differ in their innate capacities. So, child-centred education compels the teacher to plan his educational methods to suit individual differences. This means, a teacher cannot employ a particular method without taking into c onsideration the n s and requirements ot children.Child's balanced development Child-centred education leads to balanced development of the child's potentialities and his personality. This results from satisfaction of basic needs of children. Summing up: To sum up, the concept of child-centred education is â€Å"based on the assumption that individual's life is self-contained and self- sufficient . That the individual is the end and not the means. According to this view, social institutions exist only to make the individual life better, richer and happier. † Child-centred education fulfils this mission.

Learning Team Peer Evaluation Essay

Team C members discussed the Implementation, Strategic Controls, Contingency Plans assignment and the feedback provided for each team member’s document. In the discussion, each team member had an opportunity to summarize the strengths and weaknesses of each paper. Members noted several areas for improvement and team members will use the suggestions to make revisions to individual paper. Areas for Improvement The most common section requiring additional work is the key success factors section. Budget, forecast financials, and break-even charts require additional clarification. Some papers thoroughly cover most of the requirements but miss one area. The second topic addressed is the lack of detail for functional tactics, milestones, tasks, and resource allocation. A couple of team members are experiencing trouble identifying specific measurable objectives for their implementation plan. According to Pearce and Robinson (2013), â€Å"Objectives must clearly and concretely state what will be achieved and when it will be achievedâ€Å" (p. 193 ). The third suggestion for improvement was to tie the risk management plan to the implementation plan. Some team members struggled with describing the change in risks with the implementation plan and management of the risks. Other minor suggestions for improvement include the grammar and APA formatting. Areas of Strength Each team member prepared a well organized first draft. The papers provide an excellent understanding of the member’s company and the implementation plans suggested. The drafts indicated that the team members had performed significant research for the papers. Each team member received multiple tips or suggestions for improving his or her paper. For example, a team member suggested using tables for the financial statements to increase ease of reading. Another member pointed out the importance of the SWOT analysis as  part of the risk management plan. Conclusion Team C members completed the Implementation, Strategic Controls, and Contingency Plans assignment, provided feedback to each team member, and will use the feedback to finalize their individual paper. The exercise allows a team member to get a different perspective on the same assignment and receive valuable suggestions for improving the member’s work. Each team member’s paper is stronger due to this process. References Pearce, J.A. & Robinson, R.B. (2013). Strategic management: Planning for domestic and global competition (13th ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix ebook collection database.

Interesting Gadolinium Element Facts

Interesting Gadolinium Element Facts Gadolinium is one of the light rare earth elements belonging to the lanthanide series. Here are some interesting facts about this metal: Gadolinium is silvery, malleable, ductile metal with a metallic sheen. It is fluorescent and tends to have a faintly yellowish tint.Gadolinium, like other rare earths, is not found in pure form in nature. The primary source of the element is the mineral gadolinite. It is also found in other rare earth ores, such as monazite and bastnasite.At low temperatures, gadolinium is more ferromagnetic than iron.Gadolinium has superconductive properties.Gadolinium is magnetocaloric, which means its temperature increases when it is placed in a magnetic field and decreases when it is removed from the field.Lecoq de Boisbaudran separated gadolinium from its oxide in 1886. He named the element for  Finnish Chemist Johan Gadolin, the discoverer of the first rare earth element.French chemist and engineer  Felix Trombe was the first to purify gadolinium in 1935.Gadolinium has the highest thermal neutron cross section of all the elements.Gadolinium is used in nuclear reactor control rods to regular fission. The element is injected into MRI patients to increase image contrast.Other uses of gadolinium include manufacture of certain iron and chromium alloys, computer chips and CDs, microwave ovens, and televisions.The pure metal is fairly stable in air, but tarnishes in moist air. It slowly reacts in water and dissolves in dilute acid. At high temperatures, gadolinium reacts with oxygen. Gadolinium Chemical and Physical Properties Element Name: GadoliniumAtomic Number: 64Symbol: GdAtomic Weight: 157.25Discovery: Jean de Marignac 1880 (Switzerland)Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2Element Classification: Rare Earth (Lanthanide)Word Origin: Named after the mineral gadolinite.Density (g/cc): 7.900Melting Point (K): 1586Boiling Point (K): 3539Appearance: soft, ductile, silvery-white metalAtomic Radius (pm): 179Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 19.9Covalent Radius (pm): 161Ionic Radius: 93.8 (3e)Specific Heat (20 °C J/g mol): 0.230Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 398Pauling Negativity Number: 1.20First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 594.2Oxidation States: 3Lattice Structure: HexagonalLattice Constant (Ã…): 3.640Lattice C/A Ratio: 1.588 References Los Alamos National Laboratory (2001), Crescent Chemical Company (2001), Langes Handbook of Chemistry (1952), CRC Handbook of Chemistry Physics (18th Ed.)

How to Study Better in High School 16 Expert Tips

How to Study Better in High School 16 Expert Tips SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Studying is about finding a right balance between concentration, understanding, retention, and rest. And, just like any task that taxes your energy- be it physical or mental- it is often just as difficult to get started as it is to engage in the task itself. But don't despair! Whether you need to study for just one test, or want to learn how to study over the long haul and retain a whole term's worth of information, we've got you covered. We’ll explain exactly how to study better, helping you revamp both your daily and long-termstudy habits and giving you the best study tips for managing your timeand keeping your focus as you actually study. And, once you've mastered thesestudy techniques, we’ll also show you how to prepare yourself for test day so you can do your very best when the chips are down.So let’s get to it! Building Good StudyHabits Again, exerting both mental energy andphysical energy is difficult and many find it tough to keep upover the long term. But a proper approach will helpease the way and keep your studying strong for years to come. To laya healthy study foundation and avoid last minute cramming and undue stress, it's necessary to build (and maintain!) a proper study habit. Just like with exercise, the task will become easier and more manageable the more you are able to get into a routine. And you'll be far less likely to lapse back into bad study habits once you've made studying an intractable part of your daily life. #1: Stick to a Set Schedule Your brain builds pathways and habits over time, and studying is about building thosemental muscles and endurance. Getting into a fixed habit of studying will help you improve your concentration and mental stamina over time. And, just like any other training, your ability to study only improves with time and dedicated effort. There are many activities that are good for us, but that we often- for whatever reason- dread doing. Whether this is exercising, doing chores, or studying, it’s a good idea to set yourself a schedule and stick to it no matter how you’re feeling at the moment.It’s easy to put off these activities for a thousand reasons: you’re busy doing something else, you’re tired, you have a headache, you’re not in the mood.†¦But the more you hold yourself to a set schedule, the more likely you’ll do what you need to do without having to make an endless litany of excuses. Aside from doing homework,set aside a dedicated 50 to 75 minutesto study each day and then stick to your schedule. You'll find the studyrhythmthat works best for you, but do know that you don't necessarily have to sit down and eek out those minutes all at once. You can decide to split the time into smaller segments throughout the day, or, if you work betterat completing tasks and moving on, you can choose to get your studying done all at once. One way to divide your after school study time into segments could be: 4:30 - 5:00 - arrive home, eat a snack, relax 5:00 - 5:30 - first study chunk 5:30 - 6:30 - break/homework/other task 6:30 - 6:45 -second study chunk 6:45 - 7:30 -dinner/assignments/other task 7:30 - 8:00 - final study chunk Or, if you'd rather spend your 50-75 study minutes all at once, then your schedule may look more like: 4:30 - 5:00 - arrive home, eat a snack, relax 5:00 - 6:15-study time 6:15 - rest of evening - dinner, break, homework, other tasks How you create your study schedule is up to you, just so long as you stick to itonce you've made it and don'tdeviate. #2: Schedule Your Studying in SmallerIncrements Over a Long Period of Time By committing50 to 75minutes to studyevery day (and sticking to your schedule!), you'll avoid bothburning out your mental energy and being stuck crammingfor hours and hours at a time the night before a test. Not to say that cramming your material can't occasionally "work." Some people are absolutely able to cram for a test the night before and do well, but studying in this way will only store the information in your short-term memory, not your long-term.This means that, by cramming, you can struggle to stay apprised of the material as the semester progresses (especially in classes where previous information builds on later information, such as in science, math, or history classes). And the long term effect of forcing your brain to cramnecessary information at once will not only makestudying for finals particularly difficult- essentially forcing youto re-learn a semester’s worth of material, rather than being able to simply review it- but making a habit of cramming material at the last minute will only increase your stress and make you feel as though you have to constantly play â€Å"catch-up.† By sticking to a schedule of studying for a reasonable amount of timeover the entire semester or term, you'll be able to better store and recall the information you need, and thereby reduce some of the stress that comes from schoolwork, tests, and studying. Though it may seem rigidnow, a set study structure will make life easier in the long term. Setting the Right Study Environment A proper study schedule is essential, but so is creating the right study environment. Your environment can have a tremendous impact on your concentration and productivity, so figuring out aproper study space will ultimately benefit you and improve your study time. #3: Stick to the Same Study Spaces A stable environment for a particular activitycan help put you in the right mood and mind frameto complete the task at hand. The same applies for engaging in studying. It is helpful to have one or two dedicated locations for schoolwork- separate from any "free time" areas- that you use to study in each and every study session. Sometimes this may not be possible if you live in a small dwellingand don't have access to free public spaces like a library,but do the best you can to find a space you can use solelyfor studying and stick byit. Your studyspace will be individual to you, so don't worry about how other people work best. Some people concentrate their best when surrounded by others, like in a study group or a bustling coffee shop, while some people can only study if they're alone or in a completely silent location. Experiment with different environments and spaces until you find the one you seem to work in best and then stick to it as your dedicated "study zone." #4: Practice Good Study Hygiene Good study hygiene is about retaining a clear separation between work and rest.This allows you to focus on necessary tasks while minimizing stress and anxiety in the rest of your life. We've already talked about keeping a dedicated study space, but now we have tobe sure to keep those areas as "hygienic" as possible. How? By following a few key rules of setting up your study environment: Make Sure That You DON'T Study In or On Your Bed Studying in sleeping areas is the very definition of NOTmaintaininga clear separation between work and rest, and most often leads to increased levels of stress and insomnia. This, in turn, can decrease your concentration and ability to study in the long term. By blurring the lines between study-time and free-time, you'll only createspillover stress for yourself and be stuck in acyclical effect of non-productivity and anxiety. So keep your study location to a desk, a table, or even a couch, so long as you aren't anywhere on your bed. Keep Tantalizing Distractions Far Away It's easy to allow ourselvesto take "a quick break" tocheck our phones, get up and go hunting for a snack, or to let ourselves get caught up searching forirrelevant information on Wikipedia. There are untold distractions all around us that try to lure our concentration away from the task at hand, and giving into temptation can be an awful time suck.The best way to avoid distractionslike these is to remove temptation altogether. Make up a snack for yourself before you start studying so that you're not tempted to get up. Keep your phone far away, and turn off your wifi on your computer if you can. Tell yourself that you can't get up to check on whatever has you distracted until your allotted study time is up.Whatever has you distracted can wait until your study time is over. Keep Yourself Comfortable, Hydrated, and Fed Taking care of your body's basic needs will not onlyhelp toimprove your mood and concentration while you study, but it will also helpmake sure youavoid needing to get up (and therebylose your focus) during your study time. So make sure you takewater, a jacket, a snack, coffee, or whatever else you need to your study space so that you can be comfortable, focused, and ready to learn. VaryingYour Study Methods There are many different ways to study, and none is exclusively better than any other. In fact,diversifying your study techniques, andusing a mix of multiple different study methodswill help you learn and store your information better than simply sticking toone. Practicing different study methods and combining different techniques to prevent mental fatigue and keep your brain engaged. And we'll walk through some of the best study techniqueshere. #5: Rewrite or Rephrasethe Materialin Your Own Words It can be easy to get lost in a textbook and look back over a page, only to realize you don't remember what you just read. But luckily, that can be remedied. For classes that require you to read large bodies of text, such ashistory, English, or psychology, make sure tostop periodically as you read. Pause at the end of a paragraph or a section and- without looking!- think about what the text just stated. Re-summarize it in your own words. Now glance back over the material to make sure you summarized the information accurately and remembered the relevant details. Make a mental note of whatever you missed and then move on to the next section. You mayalso want to make a bulleted listof the pertinent information instead of just rephrasing it mentally or aloud. Without looking back down at the textbook, jot down the essentials of the material you just read. Then look over the book to make sure you haven't left out any necessary information. Whether you choose to simply summarizealoud or whether you write your information down, re-wording the text is an invaluable study tool. By rephrasing the text in your own words, you can be sure you're actuallyremembering the information and absorbing its meaning, rather than just rote copying theinfo without trulyunderstanding or retainingit. #6: Teach the Material to Someone Else Teaching someone else is a great way to distill your thoughts and summarize the information you've been studying. And,almost always, teaching someone elseshows you that you’ve learned more about the material than you think! Find a study-buddy, or a patient friend or relative, or even just a figurine or stuffed animal and explain the material to them as if they're hearing about it for the first time. Whether the person you're teaching is real or not, the act of teaching material aloud to another human being requires you to re-frame theinformation in new ways and think more carefully about how all the elements fit together. Andthe act of running through your material this way- especially if you do it aloud- helps you more easily lock it in your mind. #7: Quiz Yourself With Flashcards Making flashcards is an oft-usedstudy tooland for very good reason!Making your own flash cardscannot only help you retain information just through the sheer actof writing it down, but will also help you connect pertinent pieces of information together. So for any subjects in which you must remember theconnections between terms and information, such as formulas, vocabulary, equations, or historicaldates, flashcards are the way to go. To make the best use of your flashcards, use the Leitner Method, so that you don't waste your time studying what you already know. To employ this method, quiz yourself with your flashcards and separate the cards into two different piles. In Pile 1, place the cards you knew andanswered correctly, in Pile 2, place the cardsyou didn’t know the answers to. Now go back through the cards again, butonlystudying the cards from Pile 2 (the "didn't know" pile). Separate these again as you go through them into Pile 1 (know) and Pile 2 (don't know). Repeatthe process of only studying to "don't know" cardsuntil more and more cards can be added to the â€Å"know† pile. Once all the cards are in the â€Å"know† pile, go through the whole pile onceagain to make sure you’ve retained the information on all the cards. #8: Make Your Own Diagrams, Formula Sheets, and Charts Reconstituting information into pictures can help you see and understand the material in new and different ways.For math and science classes, you may want to make yourself a formula sheet in addition to making flashcards. Flashcards will help you to remember each formula in isolation, but making one catch-all formula sheet will give you a handy study reference tool. And making one will, again, help you to retain your information just through the process of writing it down. The bonus is thatif you're more of a visual/picture learner, a formula sheet canhelp you to remember your formulas by recallinghow they're situated with one another. To help you to remember your science processes, createyour own diagrams.For instance, for a biology class, draw your own cell and labelthe components or make your own Krebscycle diagram. These pictures willtypicallybein your textbooks, so examine the picture you're given andthen create your own diagram without looking at the textbook. See how much you've been able to accurately recreate and then do it again until it's perfect. Sometimes making your own charts and diagrams will mean recreating the ones in your textbookfrom memory, and sometimes it will mean putting different pieces of information together yourself. Whatever the diagram type and whatever the class, writing your information down and making pictures out of itwill help to lock the material in your mind. #9: Give Yourself Rewards To make studying a little more fun, give yourself a small reward whenever you hit a study milestone. For instance,let yourselfeat a piece of candy for every 25flash cards you test yourself on or for every three paragraphs you read (and re-word) in your textbook. Or perhapsgive yourself one extra minuteof video gameor television-watching time for every page you study from your book(to be redeemedonly after your study time is over, of course). Whatever your particular incentive is, letyourself havethatsmall reward-boost tohelp see you throughthe days whenstudying seems particularly taxing. You can even make yourself a Study Reward Diagram: studying input - candy reward - energy boost - more studying - more candy! Making the Most ofYour Study Time Whether you're studying for a particular test or studying to keep yourself apprised of the class material all throughout the term, you'll want to make the most of your allotted daily study time. After all, there's no use setting aside and committing to your 50-75 minutes a day to study if the time is ultimately unproductive. So make the best of each study session by following these study tipsfor concentration and memory retention. #10: Study New Material Within 24 Hours In order to maintain your knowledge of the class material throughout the term, make life easier on yourself by reviewing any new information you learn onthe same day you learned it. Reviewing new material within 24 hours will help you to retain much more of what you learned than if you were to review the same information at a later date. So make sure todedicate a portion of each study time to reviewing the information you learned thatsame day in your classes. School bombards you withnew material each and every day. And even if you’re interested in the new material as you’re learning it, it’s all too easy to let anything new slip away when you have so much else to think about. Butonce the information has been pushed to the back burnerof your mind, your brain will generally discard it rather than storing it into your long term memory. To combat this â€Å"curve of forgetting,† make a habit of taking notes in class and then reviewing the material that very same night.This will help lock the information into your long-term memory and serve you well in the future. Just a few minutes in the here and now will save you hours of having to relearn the material at a later date. #: Use the Pomodoro Technique to Retain Focus Everyone loses their concentration from time to time. But, luckily for us, there are time management techniques that can help keep up mentalenergy and productivity, such as the Pomodoro Technique. The Pomodoro Technique is a time management method for increased focus and concentration, which makes it ideal for tackling studying and homework. The principle behind the technique is to divvy up your focus and break times into set regimes so that your mind remains sharp and attuned tothe task at hand, without giving into fatigue or distraction. The method is to divide your focus time (â€Å"pomodoros†) into 25 minute blocks dedicated to a task. And every time you feel your focus drifting, write down what had you distracted,put it aside, and don't give into the temptation to lose focus. (For instance, if you feel compelled to look at your email or look up what year your favorite movie came out, mark down â€Å"check email† or â€Å"look up favorite movie† and then return to your original task.) This will allow you to acknowledge the distraction and return to it later without having it derail your study time now. After every 25 minute block of time is complete, give yourself a check mark and allow yourself a 5 minute break. (A good time to check thatemail!)Onceyou’ve reachedthe fourth check mark (100 minutes of focus and 15 minutes of break), take a 20 minute break. Then begin the cycle again. By balancing up your time and energy between designated periods of focus and rest, you’ll be able to tackle studying your topic at hand without mental fatigue and burnout (which can easily occur if you try to marathon your way through a study session) and without losing focus (which can happen if you find yourself taking a break that lasts...indefinitely). To help visualize this technique in action, let's look at it setout in an example schedule: 5:00 - 5:25 - first pomodoro 5:25 - 5:30 - short break 5:30 - 5:55 - second pomodoro 5:55: - 6:00 - short break 6:00 - 6:25 - third pomodoro 6:25 - 6:30 - short break 6:30 - 6:55 - fourth pomodoro 6:55 - 7:15 - long break #12: Know When to Move On There will always come a point in your studies where you need to simply put down the bookand move on.As always, life is about balance, and eventually you’ll start to see diminishing returns on your study efforts if you try to spend too much time on one particular topic/class/chapter. At some point, your time will be better spent studying for other classes, or engaging inan alternatetype of study task. Don't stopyour studying earlier than your scheduledtime, but turn your focus to a different study topic or switch your attentionfrom quizzing yourself with flashcards to making a diagram instead. It’s not always easy to see, but you’ll get better and better at realizing when you’ve hit this stopping point (and not the point five minutes into studying when you’re bored) and are no longer retaining focus or information. It may take time, but you'll get there. Your brain is capable of great things, but even it has its limits. And learninghow to maximize your time and energy will keep you from pushing those limits. Preparing for Test Day When you're preparingfor a test, the actual studying part is only half the battle. The other half comes from being well prepared to actually take the test and giving it your best possible effort. And these techniques will help you get there. #13: Get Enough Sleep The absolute, number one, most important way you can prepare yourself for a test is to sleep the night before. Getting a good night’s sleep before a test (and preferably every night) is absolutely paramount. Sleep increases focus and concentration. The effects of not sleeping are much like being under the influence of alcohol. No matter how well you know the material, taking a test sleep deprived will do you no favors. A regular sleep schedule is preferable and will do wonders for your overall health, happiness, concentration, and memory. But even if you can't sleep, just closing your eyes and relaxingwill help. So if you find yourself grappling withinsomnia, let yourself relax in the dark and in your bed instead of whittling away the hours some other way. #14: Pack Your Gear the Night Before the Test Whatever it is you need to have, make sure to pack it up the night before. This will help you relax and sleep and will insure you don't leave anything crucial behind in your morning rush out the door. So pack your pencils, your calculator, and scratch paper. Even lay out your clothes for the next day. Prepare whatever you need to so that you can reduce your stress and help you rest the night before your exam. #15: Eat Something Just like with sleeping, making sure to eatsomething the morning of atest will help you concentrate and focus throughout the day. Anything is better than nothing, but try to eat something that will keep you full and provide you with some protein and carbohydrates. Whole grains, fruit, and eggs are generally a good bet, but pretty much anything will do in a pinch so long as you get some calories in you (and so long as it isn't pure sugar and caffeine!). #16: Take a Walk Exercising, even just a little bit, will help boost your mood, energy, and concentration.If possible, take a walk or do some quick cardio exercises (such as jumping jacks) for ten to twenty minutes before an exam. Now you're ready to rock that test- go get it! ...And then take a nap when you're done. The Take-Aways: How to Study Better Being able to study and study well is a skill and a habit that's built like any other. It takes preparation, time, and diligence to see it through, but once the habit is established, it will simply becomea part of yourdaily routine. To maintain the proper balance of leisure and work (and, most importantly, avoid burnout and excessive stress), it’s best to stick to schedules and divvy up your time and energy over long periods of time. And remember to use that allottedtime wisely once you're in the middle of it. Of course an ideal scheduleisn’t always realistic and there will still be those days you have to cram for whatever reason. But incorporating healthier time management and study methods will benefit you in the long-term and serve you well not only in high school, but in college, in the workplace, and for whatever other task you set your mind to in the future. Just take it one step at a time and you'll be amazed at the final results. What's Next? Now that you've tackled how to study better, make sure you actually get that studying done by learninghow to overcome procrastination. Unsure about how your GPA ranks with your top school choices? Learn what GPA you need to get into the school you want and how much your GPA matters for college applications. Studying for the SAT or ACT? Check outsome of our expert guides, starting with how to get a perfect score. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Childhood Obesity, the parent's role in prevention Research Paper

Childhood Obesity, the parent's role in prevention - Research Paper Example With the changing trends and lifestyle, obesity in children is increasing day by day. Traditionally kids were more involved in outdoor activities which would require physical effort and strength. But the introduction of various video games, internet, children movies and other technological advances has made children couch potatoes. With lesser amount of physical activity comes more weight gain and lethargy among children. Statistics show that about 15% of children between 6-11 years and adolescence between 12-19 years are overweight in the United States. These statistics are set to grow as children indulge in unhealthy eating habits and lesser physical activity. Obesity is one of the greatest health challenges and brings many risks to a child life. Apart from looking out of shape, obese children face many health issues from early ages as compared to their lean friends. â€Å"In the short term, overweight and obese children are more likely to develop certain gastrointestinal, cardiov ascular, endocrine and orthopaedic problems than their lean peers that may exacerbate in the long run.† (Hills, King, and Byrne, 2007) The problem of obesity in children is difficult to handle. For a child, strict diet is not an option for weight loss because he needs all food sources and appropriate nourishment for his body. Another problem that hinders obesity management is the lack of data available for obese children. Very few countries publish data showing obesity in children and thus there is a lack of public and strategic health programs in schools reinforcing a healthy lifestyle. Looking at some of the available figures for childhood obesity gives us an idea of the overall health level for children. â€Å"The figures presented here are based on the latest and most reliable available, some of which were previously published in 2006 by Wang and Lobstein: Table 1.1 Estimated prevalence of excess body weight in school-age children in 2010 Region Obese Overweight (includin g obese) America 15% 48% Middle east & N. Africa 12% 42% Europe & Former USSR 10% 38% West Pacific 7% 27% South East Asia 5% 23% Africa Less than 1% Less than 5% Countries in each region are according to World Health Organization Source: Wang & Lobstein† (Waters, Swinburn, & Seidel, 2010) The causes of obesity in children are wide and debatable. Some attribute the childhood obesity to pure genetic behaviour say that childhood obesity s transformed from one generation to the other and there is not much prevention in this case. According to the people who label childhood obesity as genetic phenomenon, a child cannot escape from gathering excess fat in his body because of his genetic tendency and metabolism rate. However, there are people who believe that obesity comes from the way of life that is built up in the very early ages of a child’s development. According to them if a child is made to maintain a healthy lifestyle and a balanced diet, he can not only overcome the g enetic label of weight gain associated with his family but also remain fit and healthy avoiding many diseases associated with weight gain. The group of people, who are of the opinion that the child’s way of living is the major reason for the excessive weight gain, argue that at many times you will see lean and fit parents having overweight and obese kids. In that case one can see that overweight is not inherited but acquired through a poor and unhealthy lifestyle.

Global Recession Effects on Emerging Economies Essay

Global Recession Effects on Emerging Economies - Essay Example This report stresses that global recession results to fluctuations in currency thus, affecting businesses that are mainly in the local economy. Local economies cater to the demands of the local market. They are dependent on the changes within their market. Local market demands are dependent on household and end-users budget and expenditures. When currency fluctuates, prices change affecting the production costs of companies and affecting the income and profit of end-users. This causes the market to have less demand due to buying power. This paper makes a conclusion that local economies thrive on the local market. If their market cannot afford the products the local companies produce then this will significantly affect the supply and demand, and the production and investment of the companies. With this, companies tend to resort to cost-cutting, trying to keep up with the fluctuations in currency and the lower demands of their market. In the end, if they cannot adapt and keep up to these changes, the local company will fail and eventually become bankrupt. Liberalization of the Chinese Market was remarkable for many reasons. It opened a new market for the Multinationals whose fortunes began sagging as demand in Europe had begun reaching saturation point. It offered a new manufacturing base for various industries. It opened new avenues of investments and finally it ushered in an era of relative peace as the threat of war and confrontation receded with the beginning of peace through trade partnerships. Trade that was ea rlier the reason of war had now became the agency of peace.

PUBLIC LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

PUBLIC LAW - Essay Example udicial review, is where the law is contravened at some point by an administrative body in its actions or inactions, as was defined in White and Collins v Minister of Health.1 In this case, procedural ultra-vires is evident. This is whereby an administrative body fails to follow the right procedure in its actions or inactions (Fitzroy 2014, 1). As much as Catford district council is vested with the power to issue licenses, procedure as per the relevant statute law requires it to conduct consultations where necessary. Bearing in mind that the shop operates within a residential flat, it was necessary for the council to consult the adjacent household dwellers regarding the same before issuing the license. As a renter of a dwelling premise, Alya has a right to peaceful and quiet enjoyment of his property. Therefore, she has every right to protest due to the nuisance emanating from the shop during Sunday. Had the council consulted her prior to the issuance of the license, things might hav e turned differently, as some conditions could have been attached to the operating license. It was therefore illegal for the council to issue the license without conducting necessary consultations as the relevant authority suggests. Unreasonableness: The principle of reasonability is to the effect that an administrative body should be rational in acting or making its decisions. Unreasonableness is seen when an administrative body acts or makes a decision in a manner so absurd or outrageous, that a reasonable person acting in the same capacity and under the same circumstances would to do or make, as was defined in Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd v Wednesburry Corporation.2 In this case, the reason given for the council’s failure to conduct consultations, something which is done by all other local authorities, is so unreasonable that one would not expect such an authority to fail to act on that basis (Harel and Kahara 2010). Time and money saving is not reasonable enough to

Keeping children safe in the virtual world

Keeping children safe in the virtual world I have chosen to do my essay on the challenges of keeping children safe in the virtual world. I will include the following in my essay -: the historical context of this topic, the possible challenges of keeping children safe in the virtual world such as grooming, cyber bullying and many more. Ways we can keep children safe in the virtual world; for example educating children, how to report online abuse and relating to theorist ideas on this theme. I also will talk about the current policies that are in place, why this issue is relevant and why these policies have been introduced. Then I will talk about how this can be put into practice and how this will make a difference on how people work. The first online child abuse images started in the mid 1990s. In 1998 the parliament passed the Childrens Online Privacy Protection Act, or COPPA which addressed online privacy and safety risks for children under age 13. COPPA need Web site companies need to take steps to avoid collecting personal information from children. In August 2003 the Internet Advisor for the National Child Helpline, joined members on our Your Childs Safety board to answer their questions about child safety online. In April 2006 the Government set up CEOP, the ChildHYPERLINK http://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=encr=countryUK|countryGBrlz=1T4HPEB_en-GBGB319GB320tbs=ctr:countryUK|countryGB,tl:1q=child exploitationsa=Xei=IGsNTdrVJsyLhQeYy423Dgved=0CD4Q0AEwBA Exploitation and OnlineHYPERLINK http://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=encr=countryUK|countryGBrlz=1T4HPEB_en-GBGB319GB320tbs=ctr:countryUK|countryGB,tl:1q=online protection centresa=Xei=IGsNTdrVJsyLhQeYy423Dgved=0CD8Q0AEwBA Protection Centre, to tackle abuse and educate parents and children about personal safety online. In September 2007, the Prime Minister asked Dr Tanya Byron to lead an independent review into child safety online and in video games, this documentation is called safer children in the digital world this was published in March 2008. In April 2008 the home office task force on child protection on the internet published a guidance note offering good practice recommendations for the providers of social networking sites. The aim of the guidance is to enhance the online safety of children and young people and was drawn up in consultation with websites, mobile phone operators, childrens charities and academics.Privacy Protection Act I will define the word risk this is to do with a child put themselves in danger and wanting to take risk to explore the world. Encarta defines risk as; chance of something going wrong: the danger that injury, damage, or loss will occur. Smith, C., Stainton-Rogers, W., and Tucker, S (2007) pg 220 state that Whereas other terms such as hazard, threat, and danger always carry a negative meaning à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ risk taking is much more ambiguous: except that is, risk taking by the young. From this quote you can see that risk is part of everyday life and children need to experience this to develop knowledge and understanding of the dangers of online activities. Poor areas of society are more at risk of getting abused because of the lack of knowledge online. Bryon, T (2007) pg 22 states that Research highlights that children from more deprived backgrounds may be more at risk online because of a lack of confidence with new technology. From this we can interpret that it is very important t o teach children about this topic in schools, so that these disadvantaged children can get more understanding on the risks of web 2.0 such social networking sites. Children behaviour of risk taking online such as posting inappropriate images online, giving strangers personal information. The internet is a world wide web where millions of people use this resource for education purposes, to stay in contact with friends via social networking sites and for fun such as play games online. Some 99% of children aged 8-17 access the internet (Ofcom, 2008). You can assess the internet through mobile phones, computers and game consoles e.g. PSP, Nintendo wii, PS3 and the Xbox 360 all have WIFI on their systems which enable children to use the internet. There are three aspects of risk online which are as follows; content this is to do with inappropriate images on the internet such as pornography. Contact this is to do with seeing a child in the real world, whom you met via chat rooms or social networking sites. Conduct this is to do with uploading images on the internet that are not suitable for the virtual world or it could be bullying other people on the internet. Cyberbullying means online bullying. This type of bullying is hard to pick up than normal bullying because this type of bullying can be received anytime and anywhere via mobile phones or emails. Forms of Cyberbullying are grooming, abusing child online, briber the child and cybersex this is to do with the offender tries to persuade the child to talk about sex on the internetà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ This type of bullying can lead children to be emotionally abused. Emotional abuse is when children need unconditional love and care. They are sensitive and can be harmed by constant taunting, threats or made to feel guilty leading to loss of self confidence and self esteem. The physical indicators are poor speech and stammering or stuttering. The behavioural indicator are attention seeking, telling lies, withdrawal, constantly needing attention also little or no self esteem. ELABORATE Ward and Siegert 2002 pathway model this is to do with sex offenders, offending on the internet to abuse children. In this model there are five pathways which are as follows intimacy deficits this is to do with the offender will abuse when lonely. Distorted sexual scripts this is to do with lack understanding from child about sexual abuse. Emotional dysregulation this is to do with not able to control feelings and behaviour. Multiple dysfunctional mechanisms ward Sorbello 2003 pg 17 state that reflect on history of sexual abuse or exposure to sexual material. Anti-social cognitions this is to do with the offender having attitudes and beliefs of abusing. Ward Sorbello, 2003 pg15 state that one primary mechanism will exert a primary causal influence, the others only exerting a harmful effect due to the driving force of the primary deficit This is saying that only one will take effect first then the rest will integrate during the process of abusing. Anonymity this is to do with children talking to people who they dont know via the internet dangers of this could be sexual abuse Adults such as paedophiles will use wrong age and pretend to be the same age as chose children they want to offend. CEOP (2007) suggest within the virtual world when vulnerable children with a poor sense of self and low self esteem are seduced and flattered by others who represent themselves falsely within the virtual world e.g. online predators pretending to be children. This process can lead to grooming a child for sexual pleasure. Sexual abuse is when an adult or at times an older child uses a child for sexual gratification this means forcing a child ton carry out sexual acts including sexual touching, oral sex and intercourse. The effects of sexual abuse is are long lasting and highly damaging. It can cause problems in adult personal relationships children who are abused this ways can become abusers themselves. The physical indicators are bites, under wear showing signs of blood stains, swelling out of the vagina or anus etc. The behavioural indicators are depression, poor concentration; a child may reveal signs while using anatomically dolls, sexually explicit language and eating or sleeping problems. This type of bullying can effect childrens confidence and lead to risks such as suicide threats and they may murder their selves for the repeated abuse online. Finkelhors four precondition model of paedophilia the four models are thinking about doing sex with a child they want to offend via online contact, making excuses this is linked to grooming the child, creating the opportunity by persuading the child to meet them in the real world and the final stage is doing sex with the child or sexually abuse the child when they meet them in reality. Victims targeted are mostly girls because the sex offenders are usually male so they are more likely to abuse girls not boys. There is a particular risk of grooming practices through popular online services such as instant messaging and social networking sites with strangers using them to make contact with under-age girls, sometimes by adopting a fake persona (CEOP, 2007). But also CEOP are creating a leaflet targeting teenager boys to inform them that they may be in danger of this too not only girls. Children try to hide what they are doing online from their parents, which concern the parent on what their child are doing and viewing online. Older children do two things at the same time such as doing homework and on social networking site. But when parents check on what their child are doing, they will pretend to be doing their homework. Bryon, T (2008) pg 46 states that Multi-tasking is common, with young people using chat functions whilst doing their homework and able to quickly shield this from parental view. The reasons behind this could be that the child wants their own personal space or independence without parents telling the risks. Some children may think that the parents will not understand the new technology. The other side of the spectrum can be the benefits of the virtual world for children they are having the opportunities for learning, for play, for Communication, for skill development, for creativity and for having fun. Benefits of the medium include: facilitating learning; communication; and civic participation (Bentivegna, 2002). This is important for the child because they will be able to communicate to people in the virtual world and they can do their homework on the internet for research and revision. You can keep children safe in the virtual world by teaching the children of the dangers of the virtual world and how to stay safe this can be done through teachers and parents. But parents will need to gain knowledge on this topic. Research shows that parents dont understand the risks very well. ADD QUOTES AND STATISTICS Understanding what online abuse is, if you think this may be bullying you should report this via CEOP is a company that was set up by the government in 2006 or IWF. Which are organisations that can help children whom are getting bullied in the virtual world and inappropriate content online and stop chose offenders from re offending other children who are on the social networking sites. . Providing support for the sex offender; organising schemes to try stop these people from abusing children online. An example of this could be circles of support accountability. This was created to help the offender whom experienced loneliness or who has low self esteem, so this may make them abuse children online for fun. Use of parental controls: to control the content that your child can use such as blocking pornography pictures. Keep computers in a central location such as living room, where you can observe what your child is doing online. Having computer in the childs room will create a greater risk for children being abused online. The offender will know that no one is around the child and he or she is alone, through the use of webcam. Providing rules for children on how to stay safe online such as do not give out personal information online to a person you dont know, this can be linked to the stranger danger scenario because if you saw a stranger you would not talk to them in reality. Always ask your children what they have been doing on the internet, this way they can tell you if there were any unwanted content on the computer while they were surfing the internet such as abuse. ADD REFERENCES This is a relevant issue because children and young people are very vulnerable in the virtual world. So it is our duty to protect children from harm this can be linked to the childrens act. Children Act 1989 is an act of parliament, which puts the benefit of children first, to care for children from harm and you, must work with parents at any time possible this act states that requirements of children are the most important Sexual Offences Act (2003) sets out a new legal framework to protect children from sexual abuse this covers internet pornography, grooming exploitation. This Act will put restrictions on convicted sex offenders. This policy has been introduced to give more support to police on how to convict offenders and also it promotes internet safety. This is a good policy because it will keep children safe online because the offenders have restriction on contact with children, so they cant abuse children on the internet. UN Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989 this is a worldwide agreement that relates to all children and young people under the age of 18 years. The children should be protected from harmful influences such as abuse. This has been introduced because they wanted to keep vulnerable children safe from harm and protect the child from abuse which can have a negative impact such as low self confidence or self esteem. ELABORATE Another policy is the communication act 2003 section 127 is to do with misusing public computer to send inappropriate messages. The act states that Anyone who sends a message or other matter that is grossly offensive or is of an indecent, obscene or menacing character (other than in the course of providing a programme service) by means of a public electronic communications network, or who causes such a message or matter to be sent, is guilty of an offence. This means that if an offender sends a child messages via the internet that are not appropriate for their age. If the offender is found guilty he/she can be given a prison sentence for no more than six months. Debate around protecting children (the protective or preventive state) On my brothers school website they have a side panel that says e safety; which gives advice on staying safe online. This can be used by both parents and children whom use the website to see how to keep their child safe online. The government are advising schools to include internet bullying on their bullying policies. REFERENCES In conclusion it is very important to protect children from the risks of the virtual world because it is easier to abuse a child online than in reality. Another factor is that it is harder to pick out a child who is being abused online without the child reporting this incident to organisation such as CEOP, IWF and many more that can help stop the offender. Critically evaluate the practice implications (in as far as this is possible) i.e. what difference will it make to the way you work? This is a theoretical essay that needs to focus on wide relevant reading and research whatever the focus. You can refer to relevant practical applications e.g. in school but back this up with reading as well. If you are referring to a personal experience you may frame it e.g.   A recent placement experience in a local primary school setting demonstrated the importance of including this subject at a number of levels to ensure the protection of children as recommended by Bloggs ( 2208:9) who states  Ã‚   written policies that have been negotiated with all interested stakeholders are fundamental to ensuring that these issues are given appropriate prominence in any education environment. This was expressed in a number of ways and  included Bibliography USE JOURNALS Byron, T (2007) safer children in a digital world: the report of the Bryon review. Department for children, schools and department for culture, media and sport, London Grabber, C and et al (2009) E-safety and web 2.0 for children aged 11-16. Goodman, A Kennison, P (2008) children as victims. Exeter: Learning matters Smith, C., Stainton-Rogers, W., and Tucker, S (2007: 220) Risk in Robb, M (ed) Youth in Context: Frameworks, Settings and encounters. London: Sage Publications and the Open University Press. T. Ward, D. R. Laws, S. M. Hudson Eds. (2003) Sexual deviance: Issues and controversies. London: Sage. Websites used www.CEOP.police.uk assessed on 10th December 2010 http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/21/notes/division/5/2/1/96 assessed on 12th December 2010