PUBLIC LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

PUBLIC LAW - Essay Example udicial review, is where the law is contravened at some point by an administrative body in its actions or inactions, as was defined in White and Collins v Minister of Health.1 In this case, procedural ultra-vires is evident. This is whereby an administrative body fails to follow the right procedure in its actions or inactions (Fitzroy 2014, 1). As much as Catford district council is vested with the power to issue licenses, procedure as per the relevant statute law requires it to conduct consultations where necessary. Bearing in mind that the shop operates within a residential flat, it was necessary for the council to consult the adjacent household dwellers regarding the same before issuing the license. As a renter of a dwelling premise, Alya has a right to peaceful and quiet enjoyment of his property. Therefore, she has every right to protest due to the nuisance emanating from the shop during Sunday. Had the council consulted her prior to the issuance of the license, things might hav e turned differently, as some conditions could have been attached to the operating license. It was therefore illegal for the council to issue the license without conducting necessary consultations as the relevant authority suggests. Unreasonableness: The principle of reasonability is to the effect that an administrative body should be rational in acting or making its decisions. Unreasonableness is seen when an administrative body acts or makes a decision in a manner so absurd or outrageous, that a reasonable person acting in the same capacity and under the same circumstances would to do or make, as was defined in Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd v Wednesburry Corporation.2 In this case, the reason given for the council’s failure to conduct consultations, something which is done by all other local authorities, is so unreasonable that one would not expect such an authority to fail to act on that basis (Harel and Kahara 2010). Time and money saving is not reasonable enough to

Keeping children safe in the virtual world

Keeping children safe in the virtual world I have chosen to do my essay on the challenges of keeping children safe in the virtual world. I will include the following in my essay -: the historical context of this topic, the possible challenges of keeping children safe in the virtual world such as grooming, cyber bullying and many more. Ways we can keep children safe in the virtual world; for example educating children, how to report online abuse and relating to theorist ideas on this theme. I also will talk about the current policies that are in place, why this issue is relevant and why these policies have been introduced. Then I will talk about how this can be put into practice and how this will make a difference on how people work. The first online child abuse images started in the mid 1990s. In 1998 the parliament passed the Childrens Online Privacy Protection Act, or COPPA which addressed online privacy and safety risks for children under age 13. COPPA need Web site companies need to take steps to avoid collecting personal information from children. In August 2003 the Internet Advisor for the National Child Helpline, joined members on our Your Childs Safety board to answer their questions about child safety online. In April 2006 the Government set up CEOP, the ChildHYPERLINK http://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=encr=countryUK|countryGBrlz=1T4HPEB_en-GBGB319GB320tbs=ctr:countryUK|countryGB,tl:1q=child exploitationsa=Xei=IGsNTdrVJsyLhQeYy423Dgved=0CD4Q0AEwBA Exploitation and OnlineHYPERLINK http://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=encr=countryUK|countryGBrlz=1T4HPEB_en-GBGB319GB320tbs=ctr:countryUK|countryGB,tl:1q=online protection centresa=Xei=IGsNTdrVJsyLhQeYy423Dgved=0CD8Q0AEwBA Protection Centre, to tackle abuse and educate parents and children about personal safety online. In September 2007, the Prime Minister asked Dr Tanya Byron to lead an independent review into child safety online and in video games, this documentation is called safer children in the digital world this was published in March 2008. In April 2008 the home office task force on child protection on the internet published a guidance note offering good practice recommendations for the providers of social networking sites. The aim of the guidance is to enhance the online safety of children and young people and was drawn up in consultation with websites, mobile phone operators, childrens charities and academics.Privacy Protection Act I will define the word risk this is to do with a child put themselves in danger and wanting to take risk to explore the world. Encarta defines risk as; chance of something going wrong: the danger that injury, damage, or loss will occur. Smith, C., Stainton-Rogers, W., and Tucker, S (2007) pg 220 state that Whereas other terms such as hazard, threat, and danger always carry a negative meaning à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ risk taking is much more ambiguous: except that is, risk taking by the young. From this quote you can see that risk is part of everyday life and children need to experience this to develop knowledge and understanding of the dangers of online activities. Poor areas of society are more at risk of getting abused because of the lack of knowledge online. Bryon, T (2007) pg 22 states that Research highlights that children from more deprived backgrounds may be more at risk online because of a lack of confidence with new technology. From this we can interpret that it is very important t o teach children about this topic in schools, so that these disadvantaged children can get more understanding on the risks of web 2.0 such social networking sites. Children behaviour of risk taking online such as posting inappropriate images online, giving strangers personal information. The internet is a world wide web where millions of people use this resource for education purposes, to stay in contact with friends via social networking sites and for fun such as play games online. Some 99% of children aged 8-17 access the internet (Ofcom, 2008). You can assess the internet through mobile phones, computers and game consoles e.g. PSP, Nintendo wii, PS3 and the Xbox 360 all have WIFI on their systems which enable children to use the internet. There are three aspects of risk online which are as follows; content this is to do with inappropriate images on the internet such as pornography. Contact this is to do with seeing a child in the real world, whom you met via chat rooms or social networking sites. Conduct this is to do with uploading images on the internet that are not suitable for the virtual world or it could be bullying other people on the internet. Cyberbullying means online bullying. This type of bullying is hard to pick up than normal bullying because this type of bullying can be received anytime and anywhere via mobile phones or emails. Forms of Cyberbullying are grooming, abusing child online, briber the child and cybersex this is to do with the offender tries to persuade the child to talk about sex on the internetà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ This type of bullying can lead children to be emotionally abused. Emotional abuse is when children need unconditional love and care. They are sensitive and can be harmed by constant taunting, threats or made to feel guilty leading to loss of self confidence and self esteem. The physical indicators are poor speech and stammering or stuttering. The behavioural indicator are attention seeking, telling lies, withdrawal, constantly needing attention also little or no self esteem. ELABORATE Ward and Siegert 2002 pathway model this is to do with sex offenders, offending on the internet to abuse children. In this model there are five pathways which are as follows intimacy deficits this is to do with the offender will abuse when lonely. Distorted sexual scripts this is to do with lack understanding from child about sexual abuse. Emotional dysregulation this is to do with not able to control feelings and behaviour. Multiple dysfunctional mechanisms ward Sorbello 2003 pg 17 state that reflect on history of sexual abuse or exposure to sexual material. Anti-social cognitions this is to do with the offender having attitudes and beliefs of abusing. Ward Sorbello, 2003 pg15 state that one primary mechanism will exert a primary causal influence, the others only exerting a harmful effect due to the driving force of the primary deficit This is saying that only one will take effect first then the rest will integrate during the process of abusing. Anonymity this is to do with children talking to people who they dont know via the internet dangers of this could be sexual abuse Adults such as paedophiles will use wrong age and pretend to be the same age as chose children they want to offend. CEOP (2007) suggest within the virtual world when vulnerable children with a poor sense of self and low self esteem are seduced and flattered by others who represent themselves falsely within the virtual world e.g. online predators pretending to be children. This process can lead to grooming a child for sexual pleasure. Sexual abuse is when an adult or at times an older child uses a child for sexual gratification this means forcing a child ton carry out sexual acts including sexual touching, oral sex and intercourse. The effects of sexual abuse is are long lasting and highly damaging. It can cause problems in adult personal relationships children who are abused this ways can become abusers themselves. The physical indicators are bites, under wear showing signs of blood stains, swelling out of the vagina or anus etc. The behavioural indicators are depression, poor concentration; a child may reveal signs while using anatomically dolls, sexually explicit language and eating or sleeping problems. This type of bullying can effect childrens confidence and lead to risks such as suicide threats and they may murder their selves for the repeated abuse online. Finkelhors four precondition model of paedophilia the four models are thinking about doing sex with a child they want to offend via online contact, making excuses this is linked to grooming the child, creating the opportunity by persuading the child to meet them in the real world and the final stage is doing sex with the child or sexually abuse the child when they meet them in reality. Victims targeted are mostly girls because the sex offenders are usually male so they are more likely to abuse girls not boys. There is a particular risk of grooming practices through popular online services such as instant messaging and social networking sites with strangers using them to make contact with under-age girls, sometimes by adopting a fake persona (CEOP, 2007). But also CEOP are creating a leaflet targeting teenager boys to inform them that they may be in danger of this too not only girls. Children try to hide what they are doing online from their parents, which concern the parent on what their child are doing and viewing online. Older children do two things at the same time such as doing homework and on social networking site. But when parents check on what their child are doing, they will pretend to be doing their homework. Bryon, T (2008) pg 46 states that Multi-tasking is common, with young people using chat functions whilst doing their homework and able to quickly shield this from parental view. The reasons behind this could be that the child wants their own personal space or independence without parents telling the risks. Some children may think that the parents will not understand the new technology. The other side of the spectrum can be the benefits of the virtual world for children they are having the opportunities for learning, for play, for Communication, for skill development, for creativity and for having fun. Benefits of the medium include: facilitating learning; communication; and civic participation (Bentivegna, 2002). This is important for the child because they will be able to communicate to people in the virtual world and they can do their homework on the internet for research and revision. You can keep children safe in the virtual world by teaching the children of the dangers of the virtual world and how to stay safe this can be done through teachers and parents. But parents will need to gain knowledge on this topic. Research shows that parents dont understand the risks very well. ADD QUOTES AND STATISTICS Understanding what online abuse is, if you think this may be bullying you should report this via CEOP is a company that was set up by the government in 2006 or IWF. Which are organisations that can help children whom are getting bullied in the virtual world and inappropriate content online and stop chose offenders from re offending other children who are on the social networking sites. . Providing support for the sex offender; organising schemes to try stop these people from abusing children online. An example of this could be circles of support accountability. This was created to help the offender whom experienced loneliness or who has low self esteem, so this may make them abuse children online for fun. Use of parental controls: to control the content that your child can use such as blocking pornography pictures. Keep computers in a central location such as living room, where you can observe what your child is doing online. Having computer in the childs room will create a greater risk for children being abused online. The offender will know that no one is around the child and he or she is alone, through the use of webcam. Providing rules for children on how to stay safe online such as do not give out personal information online to a person you dont know, this can be linked to the stranger danger scenario because if you saw a stranger you would not talk to them in reality. Always ask your children what they have been doing on the internet, this way they can tell you if there were any unwanted content on the computer while they were surfing the internet such as abuse. ADD REFERENCES This is a relevant issue because children and young people are very vulnerable in the virtual world. So it is our duty to protect children from harm this can be linked to the childrens act. Children Act 1989 is an act of parliament, which puts the benefit of children first, to care for children from harm and you, must work with parents at any time possible this act states that requirements of children are the most important Sexual Offences Act (2003) sets out a new legal framework to protect children from sexual abuse this covers internet pornography, grooming exploitation. This Act will put restrictions on convicted sex offenders. This policy has been introduced to give more support to police on how to convict offenders and also it promotes internet safety. This is a good policy because it will keep children safe online because the offenders have restriction on contact with children, so they cant abuse children on the internet. UN Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989 this is a worldwide agreement that relates to all children and young people under the age of 18 years. The children should be protected from harmful influences such as abuse. This has been introduced because they wanted to keep vulnerable children safe from harm and protect the child from abuse which can have a negative impact such as low self confidence or self esteem. ELABORATE Another policy is the communication act 2003 section 127 is to do with misusing public computer to send inappropriate messages. The act states that Anyone who sends a message or other matter that is grossly offensive or is of an indecent, obscene or menacing character (other than in the course of providing a programme service) by means of a public electronic communications network, or who causes such a message or matter to be sent, is guilty of an offence. This means that if an offender sends a child messages via the internet that are not appropriate for their age. If the offender is found guilty he/she can be given a prison sentence for no more than six months. Debate around protecting children (the protective or preventive state) On my brothers school website they have a side panel that says e safety; which gives advice on staying safe online. This can be used by both parents and children whom use the website to see how to keep their child safe online. The government are advising schools to include internet bullying on their bullying policies. REFERENCES In conclusion it is very important to protect children from the risks of the virtual world because it is easier to abuse a child online than in reality. Another factor is that it is harder to pick out a child who is being abused online without the child reporting this incident to organisation such as CEOP, IWF and many more that can help stop the offender. Critically evaluate the practice implications (in as far as this is possible) i.e. what difference will it make to the way you work? This is a theoretical essay that needs to focus on wide relevant reading and research whatever the focus. You can refer to relevant practical applications e.g. in school but back this up with reading as well. If you are referring to a personal experience you may frame it e.g.   A recent placement experience in a local primary school setting demonstrated the importance of including this subject at a number of levels to ensure the protection of children as recommended by Bloggs ( 2208:9) who states  Ã‚   written policies that have been negotiated with all interested stakeholders are fundamental to ensuring that these issues are given appropriate prominence in any education environment. This was expressed in a number of ways and  included Bibliography USE JOURNALS Byron, T (2007) safer children in a digital world: the report of the Bryon review. Department for children, schools and department for culture, media and sport, London Grabber, C and et al (2009) E-safety and web 2.0 for children aged 11-16. Goodman, A Kennison, P (2008) children as victims. Exeter: Learning matters Smith, C., Stainton-Rogers, W., and Tucker, S (2007: 220) Risk in Robb, M (ed) Youth in Context: Frameworks, Settings and encounters. London: Sage Publications and the Open University Press. T. Ward, D. R. Laws, S. M. Hudson Eds. (2003) Sexual deviance: Issues and controversies. London: Sage. Websites used www.CEOP.police.uk assessed on 10th December 2010 http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/21/notes/division/5/2/1/96 assessed on 12th December 2010

A Bruised Way of Life :: essays research papers

A Bruised Way of Life   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"BONG!† is the one and only word that anyone in my family has to say to bring back the memories of an incident that happened at the age of eight. Oh, but this horrifying happening couldn’t have happened in my home, it had to have happened in the middle of my favorite place in the world. None other than the original Downtown Disney, on the most beautiful day there has ever been at the beginning of December. The day was sunny, cloudless, and warm. Or at least warm to me after my accident.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First, let me take you back in time. To the day that changed the way my family would make fun of me for the rest of my natural life. On the second day of our vacation to Walt Disney World, my parents, brother, and I decided that we all wanted to get some early shopping into our schedule before actually â€Å"hitting† all of the major parks that Disney World is known for. The usual routine for this area of vacationing was usually left up to the women in our family since it is the shopping area. Everything was going fine, going through the shops and looking at all of the merchandise we wished we were able to afford, when my brother, Brandon, spotted the water fountains that came up from the ground to play in. Before long, Brandon was begging and pleading my parents to go play in the water with the other kids. Even though they were strangers. My parents, of course, said yes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After the first few minutes of Brandon’s fun in the water, I just had to join in. There was no way that I was going to let my brother have all of the fun, then decide to shove it in my face. No way was I going to let that happen to me. By the time a couple of minutes had passed, both my brother and I, were completely soaked from head to toe. That didn’t stop the fun though! The two of us were having such a great time that it had become a chore for our parents to get us to stop. Although, it seemed like a game for Brandon and me! Brandon was the first to finally give in to my parents and stop playing so we could do some more shopping. But getting me out was a totally different story.

Overview Of The Los Angeles International Airport Engineering Essay

Los Angeles International Airport has been one of the busiest airdromes in the universe, making figure three countrywide and 7th worldwide in the twelvemonth 2009. LAX serves the Los Angeles Metropolitan Area every bit good as the Greater Los Angeles Ares. The Greater Los Angles Area is made up of five counties in Southern California- Los Angeles County, Orange County, San Bernardino County, Riverside County, and Ventura Country. With a combined population of 17.6 million, Los Angeles Area is home to the 2nd largest population country in the United States, merely behind the New York metropolitan country. Peoples from over 140 states have been settling here. As a consequence, Los Angeles embraces one of the most diverse civilizations in the universe. ( Los Angeles, California ) International trade, amusement industry, fabrication, and engineering make up a important part of the metropolis ‘s economic system. Los Angeles is the headquarter for many of the Fortune 500 companies such as The Walt Disney Company, Hilton Hotels Group, Paramount Pictures, and Sony Pictures Entertainment. The LA Metropolitan Area is besides the state ‘s largest fabrication and technological centre and is good known for its new and radical innovations. Because of its premier location in the West seashore and the propinquity to Pacific Rim states, the ports of Los Angeles handled more tunnage of goods than any other port in the state. ( Los Angeles, California ) Tourism plays another major function in the regional economic system. Los Angeles is globally renowned for its amusement Parkss, shopping centres, museums, beaches, and nightlife. Millions of visitants flock here from all parts of the Earth to bask the warm conditions, breath-taking sceneries, diverse civilization, and a broad assortment of things the metropolis has to offer. In 2009, Disneyland entirely attracted 15 million visitants. ( Disneyland ( Anaheim ) )Brief HistoryThe airdrome ‘s history began in 1927 when the Los Angeles City Council planned to construct a municipal airdrome on a site which used to be a wheat field. Judge Frank D. Parent chose 640 estates of land on July 25, 1928, laid soil set downing strips, and designated the airdrome to general air power. This landing field was so given the name- Mines Field. The landing field opened in 1930 and became the official airdrome of Los Angeles. In the beginning, the metropolis leased the airdrome at $ 124,800 per twel vemonth for 50 old ages, but decided to buy the airdrome in 1937 for $ 2,240,000. ( LAX History ) During World War II, Mines Field converted to military operations. Commercial services did non get down until after the war in December 1946. When the airdrome expanded due west in early 1950s, it encountered a terrible job. The airdrome must spread out into Sepulveda Boulevard-a major roadway in the metropolis. The airdrome contrivers came up with an clever solution by delving a tunnel underneath the airdrome track, so auto traffic will non be affected by the enlargement. This sub-airport tunnel was the first of its sort any where in the universe. ( LAX History ) Before the morning of Jet Age, maestro contrivers of LAX called for a important airdrome update. Most of today ‘s airdrome substructure including the terminuss, taxi strips, control tower and tracks were built between the old ages of 1957 through 1965. The iconic Theme Building was the centrepiece of this awaited undertaking. The edifice was retro-futuristically designed into the form of a winging disk, and it hosts a rotating eating house. Walt Disney Imaginers installed particular consequence illuming onto the Theme Building in 1997, and the colourss can be adjusted to reflect particular occasions. Today, the Theme Building is place to the Encounter Restaurant. ( Los Angeles International Airport ) To expect for the addition in air travel during the 1984 Summer Olympics Games, the direction spent $ 700 million to spread out and update the airdrome. All terminuss were split into three degrees, with the top floor for going, in-between floor for fining and the bottom floor for geting. Planners besides built Tom Bradley International Terminal to manage turning international traffic demands. Terabit costs $ 123 million. The international terminus was named after Tom Bradley, the metropolis ‘s first African American city manager. In 1988 and 1989, LAX underwent a series of Reconstruction undertakings and betterments. Runway 24L-6R was wholly rebuilt. All bing tracks received touchdown visible radiations and center line. Many terminuss got more square footage, better fining countries along with more Gatess. Planners besides decided reconstruct Runways 24L/6R its and taxi strips to farther suit the larger wing spans of Boeing 747.Figure -LAXpectations streamerToday, LAX is undergoing an ambitious betterment plan called LAXpectations. The undertaking includes upgrading the Tom Bradley International Terminal, building a trade name new terminus, renovating the current cardinal terminal country, put ining track position visible radiations, and put ining a film editing border baggage testing system.( See Figure 1 ) The end of the multibillion betterment plan is to supply a better going experience for all riders while guaranting the highest safety criterions. In mid-2008, the airdrome finished retracing Runway 7R/25 to forestall track incursions and to suit following coevals Airbus A380s. The following few old ages will surely be the most exciting period in the history of the airdrome. More inside informations about the betterment plan will be discussed in ulterior subdivisions.Existing FacilitiesLos Angeles International Airport presently uses four near-parallel runways-6L/24R, 6R/24L, 7L/25R, and 7R/25L. They are 8,925 pess, 10,285 pess, 12,091 pess, and 11,096 pess in length, severally. Runways 6L/24R and 6R/24L are located on the north side of the terminuss ; while tracks 7L/25R and 7R/25L were built on the south side of the terminuss. With a breadth of 200 pess, 7R/25L is the widest of four tracks. The other three are all 150 pess in breadth. ILS and DME approach systems were standardized o n all four tracks. The airfield lift is 126 pess. Between the North and the south landing field stands the 277 pess tall, palm tree shaped air traffic control tower. The tower handles all clearance bringing, flight informations, and gate-hold places, while each of the four tracks is operated by local control and land accountants. ( Administration ) By and large talking, IFR aircrafts should hold a separation of three stat mis laterally and one 1000 pess vertically. One exclusion to this regulation is the coincident attack of the parallel tracks, which requires a separation of 4,300 pess. This is to forestall coincident attack at immediate tracks. The 4,300 pess of separation allows for two aircrafts to set down at the same clip on two non-immediate tracks, for illustration, on ILS 24L and ILS 25R. Pilots must hold the proper aircraft equipments including a transponder, and winging experiences to run at the airdrome. This is the general regulation under category Bravo, which all aircrafts receive radio detection and ranging separation. Pilots under Class B air space will be given a squawk codification. When nearing the airdrome, pilots are recommended to reach the tower at a distance 30 to forty stat mis, but the pilot must inform the accountant is he or she is unable to wing the attack. This is particularly the instance under low visibleness fortunes. ( Stearns ) Los Angeles International Airport uses nine rider terminuss, numbered 1 through 8, plus the primary international terminal-Tom Bradley International Terminal ( TBIT ) . Terminals were arranged in the form of the missive â€Å" U † . The terminal cringle starts at World Way Drive North, on the west side of South Sepulveda Blvd. Once come ining the airdrome, autos make a counterclockwise circle in the order around Terminals 1, 2, 3, Tom Bradley International Terminal, and so onto Terminals 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. All nine terminuss are split into three degrees. With the exclusion of Tom Bradley International Terminal, the eight terminuss uses the upper degree for goings, in-between degree for fining and lower degree for reachings. Tom Bradley International Terminal combines fining and going into in-between degree while using the top degree for eating houses. Just like the other eight terminuss, the lower degree of Tom Bradley is dedicated to geting riders. Two degrees of roadways allow autos and coachs to straight entree the fining degree and the arrival degree for the terminuss 1 through 8. Travelers can easy entree all degrees of the same terminus by stepss, escalators, or lifts. Dividing up the reachings and fining degrees help eases congestions for the auto traffic. Because nine terminuss do non complect, shuttle coachs provide the quickest manner for riders to go between terminuss. The lower degree accommodates ground transit such as cab, shared drive new waves, air hose birds connexions and coachs. Shuttle buses Michigans at each terminus about one time every 12 to fifteen proceedingss. Walking between terminuss is ever an option for reassigning riders ; nevertheless it can take more than 30 proceedingss to walk to the terminus located at the other side of the cringle. Most of the terminal substructure, including Terminal 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7, were built back in the early 1960s, Terminal 1 and TBIT opened to the populace in 1984, and 1988, severally. ( LAX History ) Even though LAX uses nine independent terminuss, gate Numberss do non reiterate. ( See Table 1 ) In other words, every gate figure is dedicated to a individual terminus. For illustration Terminal 1 uses Gatess 1 through 15, and Terminal 2 starts the gate count at gate 21 and goes up to gate 28. Terminal Number of Gates Gates 1 15 1-3, 4A-4B, 5-14 2 11 21-21B, 22-22B, 23, 24-24B, 25-28. 3 13 30, 31A, 31B, 32, 33A, 33B, 34-36, 37A, 37B, 38, 39 4 14 40, 41, 42A, 42B, 43, 44 45, 46A, 46B, 47A, 47B, 48A, 48B, 49B 5 14 50B, 51A-51B, 52A-52B, 53A-53B, 54A-54B, 55A, 56, 57, 58A, 59 6 14 60, 61, 62-62A, 63-66, 67A-67B, 68A-68B, 69A-69B 7 11 70A-70B, 71A-71B, 72-74, 75A-75B, 76, 77 8 9 80-88 Terabit 12 101-106, 119-123Table 1-Terminals and GatesTenants and UsersMore than 60 air hoses have regular flight services to and from Los Angeles International Airport. Together, these air hoses connects rider with 87 domestic and 69 international metropoliss. With 15.1 per centum in airdrome rider traffic, American Airlines is largest air hose in operating at LAX. United Airlines and Southwest Airlines besides make up a important rider count at 14.83 and 12.44 per centum, severally. Australian airliner Qantas is the largest foreign operator, with 2 per centum of entire riders. ( LAWA ) The flights between operated by Singapore Airlines between LAX and Singapore is the 2nd longest non-stop flight between any two airdromes in the universe, merely puting behind the Newark-Singapore path. Flight SQ38 from Singapore Changi Airport to Los Angeles International takes 16 hours while winging great circle path of 9,134 stat mis. The return flight SQ37 from Los Angeles to Singapore is an even longer flight at 18 hours and 10 proceedingss. Flight SQ37 covers a distance of 8,771 stat mis. Both extremist long flights utilize Airbus A340-500. ( Non-Stop Flight ) Since the Los Angeles Area is home to the largest Asiatic population country in the state, LAX airdrome has most flights to Asia than any other airdromes in the state. The airdrome is frequently referred to as the â€Å" Gate Way to Asia † . The growing in traffic between LAX and Asiatic metropoliss has been turning significantly of all time since the TBIT was built in the 1980s. In fact, LAX entirely has six Chinese bearers in operation. Cross-Pacific flights derive a big part of income for the air hoses because burden factors average above 80 per centum ( LAX: Gateway to Asia ) Landmark Aviation is the airdrome ‘s concern activity FBO ; it is in operation 24 hours a twenty-four hours, 7 yearss a hebdomad. The installation is located South of 7R/25L and has the capableness to function all sizes of concern aircrafts up to the size of Boeing 767. Everyday services include valet parking, conference room, VIP room, pilot ‘s sofa, flight planning room, aircraft care. ( Landmark Aviation Airport Services ) LAX is home base of the Coast Guard Air Station Los Angeles. Three HH-65 Dolphinfishs are based at the airdrome. Mission of the air station includes hunt and deliverance, navigation support, and general military operations. The station works closely with the lifesavers throughout the country in helping drop and H2O deliverance.Airport ActivityIn 2009, the airdrome recorded 56,520,843 enplanement riders, the lowest figure in three old ages. The largest growing during that period occurred in twelvemonth 2004 when Numberss grew 10.61 % over the old twelvemonth. After the twelvemonth 2004, enplanement growing slows down and even goes into diminution in the past three old ages. . Airport has been turning steadily all the manner up to the twelvemonth 2000 when the enplanement riders reached 67,303,182, but the airdrome activity plummeted significantly in twelvemonth 2001, and reached the low point of 54,982,838 enplanements in twelvemonth 2003. 2001 Terrorist Attacks had evidently caused t he diminution in the air travel industry. Despite the initial tendency of recovery after twelvemonth 2001, the figure of enplaned riders is still significantly below pre-9/11 degrees. ( See Figure 3 Below ) ( Statistics Volume of Air Traffic ) Figure -Enplanement 2004-2009 ( Statistic Ten Year Summary Passengers ) Like most other airdromes, LAX rider enplanement is non uniformly distributed throughout the twelvemonth. The monthly norm of twelvemonth 2009, derived by spliting one-year enplanement by 12, is 4,710,070. The standard divergence is 490,272 ; hence the Numberss are still comparatively close to its mean. Enplanement activity spiked in the month of July with more than 6 million riders, and it reached the lowest point in February with merely over 4.3 million riders. ( See Figure 4 below ) Planners must be cautious about monthly norms when it comes to capacity related determinations because non merely activity have peak month, but besides peak twenty-four hours an even peak hr. An efficient airdrome must be able to manage traffic when activity reaches far beyond mean enplanement. For this ground, monthly norm has limited value for airdrome contrivers. Figure -Year 2009 Monthly Enplanement ( Statistics Volume of Air Traffic ) Top 5 busiest air hoses in falling orders are American Airlines, United Airlines, Southwest Airlines, Delta Airlines, and Alaska Airlines. The top five air hoses fly largely domestic finishs. Alaska Airlines carries the most international riders among the top five air hoses, while Southwest Airlines operates entirely within U.S. boundary lines. ( LAWA ) Aircraft operations at Los Angeles International Airport in twelvemonth 2009 are made up of 68.8 per centum air bearer, 28.5 per centum air cab, 2.5 per centum general air power, and less than.4 percent military. ( See Figure 5 below ) ( Statistics Volume of Air Traffic ) The standard divergence of the entire operation for the past five twelvemonth is merely over 20,000. From the operation statistics, it is clear that LAX operate chiefly air bearers and air cab since these two class makes up 97 per centum of airdrome activity Operations for the past twelvemonth declined drastically. Number of operations decreased from 622,506 in 2008 to 544,833 in 2009. It is deserving observing that air cab operation declined by about 50 per centum from 150,561 in 2008 to 86,919 in 2009. Despite the heavy operation at LAX, merely six aircrafts are based at the airdrome. Four of which are military chopper, and the other two are jets. This figure is improbably low for the airdrome the graduated table of LAX. In comparing, the non-commercial Van Nuys Airport ( VNY ) in San Fernando Valley has 709 based aircrafts. ( Administration )Type of Opertion20052006200720082009Air Carrier454,934463,341467,193453,232438,059Air Taxi178,017174,745193,930150,56186,919General Aviation15,07116,14217,21716,39716,797Military2,6072,6142,6142,3163,058Entire650,629656,842680,954622,506544,833Figure -Five Year Operation ( Statistics Volume of Air Traffic )ManagementLos Angeles International is one of the four airdromes operated under the Los Angeles World Airports System. The other three airdromes are LA/Ontario International ( ONT ) , Van Nuys ( VNY ) and LA/Palmdale Regional ( PMD ) . City of Los Angeles owns and operates all four airdromes. LAX is the primary public airdrome in the Los Ang eles Area. LA/Ontario and LA/Palmdale operates commercial service at a much smaller graduated tables, while Van Nuys handles the busiest general air power traffic in the universe. ( LAWA ) The metropolis appoints seven airdrome commissioners to regulate airdromes of Los Angeles World Airports. The mission of this board is to do policies that will profit the airdrome riders and the community. Seven members form the board of commissioner, each functioning five twelvemonth footings. The board members are appointed by city manager and approved by the metropolis advocate ; they are an elect squad of concern professionals, community leaders, urban contrivers, lawyers, and bookmans. Board ‘s docket and studies are often published for the populace on the Los Angeles World Airport web site. Jeff Fitch is the current director, deputy executive of operations and care of Los Angeles World Airports. Duties of airdrome director include security, safety, terminal and landside operations. Having the background as the Commander of Operations at Grand Forks Air Force Base and general director of terminal operations at Seattle Tacoma International Airport, Mr. Fitch gained extended experience in airdrome direction in both civilian and military sectors. ( L.A. World Airports )Airport IssuesIn recent old ages, incursion incidents and outdating terminal substructures are the two chief issues endangering the hereafter developments at Los Angeles International Airport. This subdivision will discourse the significance behind those issues, and their solutions.Runway IncursionsLAX is notoriously known for its hapless track safety records. From twelvemonth 2000 to 2003, LAX has the highest figure of runway incursions of all commercial airdromes in the state. The airdrome experienced 16 in cursions in twelvemonth 2006 through 2007, four of which are classified as serious. The closest call occurred on August 16, 2007, between Westjet Flight 900 and Northwest Flight 180. After set downing on track 24R, Westjet Flight 900 was trying to traverse the track 24L while Northwest Flight 180 is in the center of takeoff axial rotation. The two aircraft came within 40 pess. Runway incursions must be reduced and eliminated because it is likely that a ruinous clang will happen. ( Air Safety Week, 2007 ) Although human mistakes due to miscommunications were the chief cause for most of the track incursion incidents, the blemished design of tracks besides played a major function. All aircrafts set downing at the two outer most tracks, 6L/24R and 7R/25L, must traverse the immediate analogue tracks to entree the chief terminuss. To farther complicate this issue, parallel tracks were laid out excessively closely, so aircrafts go outing the outer runways merely have limited infinite to halt before traversing into the nearby track. ( Air Safety Week ) Under the guidelines of the Federal Aviation Administration ‘s Runway Safety Program, legion options were reviewed by the maestro contrivers. Ultimately, a halfway taxi strip became the most plausible solution. Several undertakings are specifically designed to cut down the likeliness of future track incursions, and to better the overall safety of the landing field. At the halfway piece of the major renovation undertaking is the $ 333 million dollar South Airfield Improvement Program ( SAIP ) . Approximately $ 250 million were spent to relocate the track, and the other $ 85 million went to the new taxi strip undertaking. The support came from many beginnings including landing fees, Federal Airport Improvement Funds, airdrome operating gross, and airport capital betterment financess. The first measure of the South Airfield Improvement Program was to pulverize the track 25L/7R. Then an indistinguishable track 25L/7R was rebuilt 55 pess south of the old track. All track lighting, navigational AIDSs and other public-service corporations had to be relocated as the consequence of this resettlement. Next, a new taxi strip was constructed between the two parallel tracks. The new taxi strip gives more infinite for geting aircrafts on the outer track to taxi on until the aircrafts are given the authorization to traverse the interior track. The taxi strip will probably to cut down most types of track incursion instances ; moreover, it minimizes the taxiing clip for aircrafts. ( Los Angeles International Airport ) Besides the Southern Airfield Improvement, track position visible radiation is another state-of-the art engineering that helps forestall future incursions. These visible radiations warn the pilots when the track being crossed is in usage, so pilots are less likely to traverse an active track. The track position visible radiation undertaking is a joint attempt between the FAA and the Los Angeles World Airport Authority ; the entire cost is estimated at $ 7.7 million.Facility Improvements and ExpansionsSince most of the terminus installations were built prior to 1980s, airdrome is get downing to demo marks of restraint due to its skyrocket growing. Terminals were non designed to manage today ‘s airdrome activity when they were built in the sixtiess ; really few Gatess can even suit Boeing 747s. Furthermore, the E, North, and south sides of the airdrome are heavy residential vicinities, so it is hard for the airdrome to spread out. As the consequence of the airdrome ‘s ain s uccess, LAX was get downing to lose international fight. From twelvemonth 2000 through 2006, LAX had lost 12 % of international riders. Some foreign bearers avoids LAX merely because of its out-of-date terminuss, alternatively, they choose more modern airdromes such as San Francisco International. ( Oldham ) Losing riders is non merely job for the airdrome, but the whole country of Southern California suffers as the consequence. Since the airdrome is one of the economic power house in the country, losing competiveness may take to occupation cuts and decreased foreign trade. In other words, it will both straight and indirectly affect the overall economic well being of Southern California. Because the Tom Bradley International Terminal was built more than two decennaries ago, a renovation is necessary to run into the of all time increasing demands of future rider traffic. TBIT is presently undergoing a major face lift to do many facets of international air going more comfy and efficient. Ticketing countries, in-migration lines, going countries, and more efficient HVAC systems are merely some of the targeted betterment countries. More boarding Gatess will be modified to manage larger jets like Boeing 747s and Airbus A380s. The new luggage showing system frees up the infinite in the cheque in country by traveling sensing equipment to behind the air hose counters. New luggage testing units besides reduces the congestion in the check-in countries and the delay clip for riders. LAWA contracted Siemens Logistics for the installing of modern digital shows that will break direct the flow of riders. The entire cost of TBIT betterment is estimated at $ 723.5 million. Terminals 1 through 8 will besides acquire a security system upgrade similar to the 1 at TBIT. Explosion sensing systems, detonation hint Stationss, and closed circuit telecastings are being integrated into the bing security system. This undertaking costs $ 577 million. In add-on to the security systems, all terminuss will have minor modern-day touches. ( Los Angeles International Airport ) Even though the freshly developed TBIT will pull more riders to LAX, it is non sufficient to manage the addition in international rider activity. To accommodate to the growing in new coevals superjumbo jets, the program to construct a trade name new terminus, Midfield Satellite Concourse, was passed by the airdrome council. The new multitude will be capable of managing jets the size of Airbus A380s. An belowground tunnel allows people to entree the new multitude which is about one-fourth mile West of the current terminus composite, and it will use a people mover system. Ten Gatess and an estimated 500,000 to 600,000 square footage of terminal infinite will be added on at a cost of $ 1.2 million. The new multitude undertaking is scheduled to finish in 2012. Airport council besides called for an enlargement on the current TBIT Terminal. Additional Gatess will be added on the west side of TBIT to manage increasing broad organic structure jets. ( Hymon )Personal Observations and Decision The worst record in runway incursions is surely non the acknowledgment any airdrome want to have. Even though we recognize that all human existences make errors, errors are merely unbearable in the air power industry. In response to the hapless safety records, maestro contrivers launched a series of undertakings with the chief intent of cut downing the likeliness of human mistakes. The new centre taxi strip allows more infinite for land aircrafts to steer, hence, cut downing the opportunity for runway incursions. Runway position visible radiation farther diminishes the opportunity of aircraft hits by warning the pilots of active traversing track. LAX should be sing a important decrease in track incursion incidents in the hereafter. The airdrome is in great demand of modernizing because the terminuss built half a century ago were merely non designed to manage the demands of the twenty-first Century. Renovating Tom Bradley International Terminal along with the other eight terminuss will pull more bearers to LAX. However, the airdrome is faced with a more serious issue- the deficiency of infinite for enlargement. The metropolis itself has grown to a point that the airdrome is wholly surrounded by edifices, so contrivers have about no infinite for the airdrome to spread out. All future airdrome terminal enlargements must be taken west of the present terminus composite, the belongings that is presently used for aircraft hangers and lading installations. It will be interesting to see the executable options contrivers are coming up with. On October 21, 2008, A Qantas Airlines Airbus 380 with 450 people landed at LAX. This marks the beginning of the superjumbo jet service in the West seashore, and is decidedly an indicant that more international riders are taking LAX. From the individual soil set downing strip in a wheat field to the 3rd busiest airdrome in the United States, LAX has come a long manner. Airport ‘s success is straight related with the local community. Today, southern California ‘s economic system has ne'er been so mutualist upon the air transit system. As the local economic system skyrocketed, airdrome must accommodate to the turning demands without giving safety and efficiency. The local community airdrome director, commissioners, and maestro contrivers must work together to guarantee the success of LAX in the twenty-first Century.Appendix: LAX Terminal Diagram and air hoses, SAIP

Benjamin Franklin and the Nature of Human Character Essay

Few things say more about the character of a person than his or her religious beliefs. No, it is not because of their religion, nor, perhaps, even because of the importance of religion, but rather because of the importance people give to religion and the important place religion holds in the life of the religious. Benjamin Franklin was no different. Living in the time of a new frontier, America, where the new settlers had arrived in part to escape religious tyranny and have the freedom to practice their religious beliefs as they chose, Benjamin Franklin clearly had a religious upbringing. It also meant that he had to make choices, not just about food, clothes, shelter and the other cares and needs of any given day, but about God, life, existence and, yes, religion. No doubt, religion builds character. Perhaps his struggles with the ideologies and concepts of religion were among the most central in his life. He certainly seems point out how they affected his thinking even from early in his life. People often base the fundamental practices and ideas of their life around their religion and their religious beliefs. To the extent that the individual is open and flexible, their religious beliefs are likewise. For most people, religious beliefs, once established, are set and inflexible. We generally form our religious beliefs when young and begin our religious practices and philosophies as we grow from a very young age. Whatever flexibility there is in an individual personality is perhaps reflected in the way they practice their religion and tolerate others. Often, those in one religion have very little tolerance of other religions. One sign of an open personality is the person’s tolerance for other religions and his or her ability to adopt principles and ideals from other religious philosophies. After being introduced to a particular religious ideology, a child must struggle with those ideas and pick and choose between those he or she will accept and those he or she will not. I did, and it is obvious that Old Ben did as well. Ben is not reticent to acknowledge that religious concepts played a central and crucial role in shaping his thinking and ideas as he grew. He says, â€Å"Before I enter upon my public Appearance in Business, it may well to let you know the then State of my Mind, with regard to my Principles and Morals, that you may see how far those influenc’d the future Events of my Life. My Parents had early given me religious Impressions, and brought me through my Childhood piously in the Dissenting way. But I was scarce 15 when, after doubting by turns of several Points as I found them disputed in the different books I read, I began to doubt of Revelation itself. † (p. 45) His view that aspects of his own character in the present would influence the course of future events is instructive, and foremost among the principles he mentions are those of religion. Perhaps those words betray a hint of willingness or desire to change aspects of his character if required, but they certainly demonstrate his realization that change is sometimes necessary, that change from what we are taught in childhood may be required once we reach adulthood. He only says that his morals and principals at one point in his life â€Å"influenc’d the future Events† of his life. Perhaps that says nothing directly about his character, but to me it reveals his recognition that the morals and principles he held early in life served as a beacon or guide for him later in life.

Key Success Factors Essays

Key Success Factors Essays Key Success Factors Essay Key Success Factors Essay Key Success Factors in the Low Cost Carrier Industry Key Success Factors in the Low Cost Airline Business: Low cost airlines strive to meet the basic demand of airline customers a safe air transport from one location to another location at a relatively low price. In order to be successful, they have to carry out their business from a certain value-based perspective â€Å"less for much less† – and concentrate their attention on the following Key Success Factors of their industry: Overall low costs: Overall low costs are essential to be able to offer cheap fares. They are achieved by several cost-cutting business practices such as: Point-to-point services (no waiting for baggage or passenger transfers, less complexity) Cheaper product design (no free food or drinks, no newspapers) Standardized fleet (lower aircraft capital outlay, lower training costs, cheaper parts equipment supply, lower maintenance costs) Use of secondary airports (lower charges) Direct Sales via Internet as main distribution channel (less travel agent fees) High operational efficiency: High aircraft utilization is crucial to maximize the profits of the airline. Hence, quick turnaround times at the gates are required to reduce the time on the ground, where aircrafts do not make profits. Moreover, maintaining a high passenger load is important to spread fixed costs, increase staff productivity and overall profitability.   High core service standards: In contrast to certain ancillary services such as free food and beverages, high core service standards such as safety, reliability (punctuality, reliable baggage delivery) and customer support are fundamental for customer satisfaction. Most importantly, safety problems and safety concerns have to be avoided. They have a particularly bad effect on low cost airlines, since a trade of between low prices and air travel safety will be suspected. Strong direct sales capability via the Internet: Whilst being the cheapest channel for ticket sales, the Internet is also easily accessible for a growing number of (potential) costumers. In order to be successful, the homepage of the airline has to be well-know (marketing efforts have to direct the attention of the people on the web-page), user-friendly and has to guarantee a smooth booking process.

Beauty of Sound (Citizne Kane) essays

Beauty of Sound (Citizne Kane) essays In 1938, at the mere age of 23, Orson Welles' radio adaptation and performance of H.G. Well's classic science fiction thriller The War of the Worlds established him as a household name and a master of dramatic production. His previous experience, in both directing and acting, in theater had taught him the essentials of narrative story telling and his involvement in radio perfected his ability to use sound as a means of conveying message and emotion. For these reasons, his first ever feature film, Citizen Kane, has a soundtrack that is so expressive and attuned to the story, it would not be difficult to comprehend the entire film without visual sensory whatsoever. Even at a very young age people around the young Orson recognized his genius. His first stage appearance was at the age of 3. While the role probably did not require great acting skill, by the age of 16 he presented himself to the Gate Theatre in Dublin as a professional actor and he made his Broadway debut at 19 as Shakespeare's Tybalt from Romeo and Juliet. In the next few years Welles established himself as a very competent figure in all aspects of stage production and even formed a repertory company with the director/producer John Houseman. The Mercury Players, as they were called, aired a weekly radio program with CBS for two years before Welles performed The War of the Worlds, as I said, the production which firmly established him as a household name and which greatly influenced RKO's decision to offer him an unheard of contract for almost complete production control of six feature films. This experience in radio played a major role in Welles' development of Citizen Kane. Because he had a great deal of knowledge on how to express narration through sound, and almost none on how to do so on film, he used the soundtrack as an integral part of the storytelling device of the movie. Whereas most directors before Welles used sound as an indication for the a...

Battle of Agincourt - Hundred Years War

Battle of Agincourt - Hundred Years' War Battle of Agincourt: Date Conflict: The Battle of Agincourt was fought October 25, 1415, during the Hundred Years War (1337-1453). Armies Commanders: English King Henry Vapprox. 6,000-8,500 men French Constable of France Charles dAlbretMarshal Boucicautapprox. 24,000-36,000 men Battle of Agincourt - Background: In 1414, King Henry V of England began discussions with his nobles regarding renewing the war with France to assert his claim on the French throne. He held this claim through his grandfather, Edward III who begun the Hundred Years War in 1337. Initially reluctant, they encouraged the king to negotiate with the French. In doing so, Henry was willing to renounce his claim to the French throne in exchange for 1.6 million crowns (the outstanding ransom on French King John II - captured at Poitiers in 1356), as well as French recognition of English dominion over occupied lands in France. These included Touraine, Normandy, Anjou, Flanders, Brittany, and Aquitaine. To seal the deal, Henry was willing to marry the young daughter of the chronically insane King Charles VI, Princess Catherine, if he received a dowry of 2 million crowns.  Believing these demands too high, the French countered with a dowry of 600,000 crowns and an offer to cede lands in Aquitaine.  Negotiations quickly stalled as the French refused to increase the dowry. With talks deadlocked and feeling personally insulted by French actions, Henry successfully asked for war on April 19, 1415. Assembling an army of around, Henry crossed the Channel with around 10,500 men and landed near Harfleur on August 13/14. Battle of Agincourt - Moving to Battle: Quickly investing Harfleur, Henry hoped to take the city as a base before advancing east to Paris and then south to Bordeaux. Meeting a determined defense, the siege lasted longer than the English had initially hoped and Henrys army was beset by a variety of diseases such as dysentery. When the city finally fell on September 22, the majority of the campaigning season had passed. Assessing his situation, Henry elected to move northeast to his stronghold at Calais where the army could winter in safety. The march was also intended to demonstrate his right to rule Normandy. Leaving a garrison at Harfleur, his forces departed on October 8. Hoping to move quickly, the English army left their artillery and much of the baggage train as well as carried limited provisions. While the English were occupied at Harfleur, the French struggled to raise an army to oppose them. Gathering forces at Rouen, they were not ready by the time the city fell. Pursuing Henry, the French sought to blockade the English along the River Somme. These maneuvers proved somewhat successful as Henry was forced to turn southeast to seek an uncontested crossing. As a result, food became scarce in the English ranks. Finally crossing the river at Bellencourt and Voyenes on October 19, Henry pressed on towards Calais. The English advance was shadowed by the growing French army under the nominal command of Constable Charles dAlbret and Marshal Boucicaut. On October 24, Henrys scouts reported that the French army had moved across their path and was blocking the road to Calais. Though his men were starving and suffering from disease, he halted and formed for battle along a ridge between the woods of Agincourt and Tramecourt. In a strong position, his archers drove stakes into the ground to protect against cavalry attack. Battle of Agincourt - Formations: Though Henry did not desire battle due to being badly outnumbered, he understood that the French would only grow stronger. In deploying, men under the Duke of York formed the English right, while Henry led the center and Lord Camoys commanded the left.  Occupying the open ground between the two woods, the English line of men at arms was four ranks deep. The archers assumed positions on the flanks with another group possibly being located in the center. Conversely the French were eager for battle and anticipated victory. Their army formed in three lines with dAlbret and Boucicault leading the first with the Dukes of Orleans and Bourbon. The second line was led by the Dukes of Bar and Alenà §on and the Count of Nevers. Battle of Agincourt - The Armies Clash: The night of October 24/25 was marked by heavy rain which turned the newly plowed fields in the area into a muddy quagmire. As the sun rose, the terrain favored the English as the narrow space between the two woods worked to negate the French numerical advantage. Three hours passed and the French, awaiting reinforcements and perhaps having learned from their defeat at Crà ©cy, did not attack. Forced to make the first move, Henry took a risk and advanced between the woods to within extreme range for his archers. The French failed to strike with the English were vulnerable (Map). As a result, Henry was able to establish a new defensive position and his archers were able to fortify their lines with stakes. This done, they unleashed a barrage with their longbows. With the English archers filling the sky with arrows, the French cavalry began a disorganized charge against the English position with the first line of men-at-arms following. Cut down by the archers, the cavalry failed to breach the English line and succeeded in doing little more than churning the mud between the two armies. Hemmed in by the woods, they retreated through the first line weakening its formation. Slogging forward through the mud, the French infantry was exhausted by the exertion while also taking losses from the English archers. Reaching the English men-at-arms, they were able to initially push them back. Rallying, the English soon began inflicting heavy losses as the terrain prevented the greater French numbers from telling. The French were also hampered by the press of numbers from the side and behind which limited their ability to attack or defend effectively. As the English archers expended their arrows, they drew swords and other weapons and began attacking the French flanks. As a melee developed, the second French line joined the fray. As the battle raged, dAlbret was killed and sources indicate that Henry played an active role at the front. Having defeated the first two French lines, Henry remained wary as the third line, led by the Counts of Dammartin and Fauconberg, remained a threat. The only French success during the fighting came when Ysembart dAzincourt led a small force in a successful raid on the English baggage train. This, along with the menacing actions of the remaining French troops, led Henry to order the killing of the majority of his prisoners to prevent them from attacking should the battle resume. Though criticized by modern scholars, this action was accepted as necessary at the time. Assessing the massive losses already sustained, the remaining French troops departed the area. Battle of Agincourt - Aftermath: Casualties for the Battle of Agincourt are not known with certainty, though many scholars estimate the French suffered 7,000-10,000 with another 1,500 nobles taken prisoner. English losses are generally accepted to be around 100 and perhaps as high as 500. Though he had won a stunning victory, Henry was unable to press home his advantage due to the weakened state of his army. Reaching Calais on October 29, Henry returned to England the following month where he was greeted as a hero. Though it would take several more years of campaigning to achieve his goals, the devastation wrought upon the French nobility at Agincourt made Henrys later efforts easier. In 1420, he was able to conclude the Treaty of Troyes which recognized him as the regent and heir to the French throne. Selected Sources History of War: Battle of Agincourt

Suicide Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Suicide Assessment - Essay Example The biological factors are familial risk and other health indicators. Predisposing factors are major psychiatric syndromes, substance use and abuse, his personality profile, abuse syndromes and severe mental or neurological illness. Proximal factors are the primary result and reaction of experiencing either familial or predisposing factors. They are hopelessness, intoxication, impulsiveness and aggressiveness, negative expectancy and severe chronic pain. Immediate triggers are those reactions that instantly make the individual change his made towards suicide. These are public humiliation or shame, access to weapons, severe defeat, major loss and worsening prognosis. Once the periods of risk are identified, a specific suicide evaluation will be done to know the degree or magnitude of risk the person is in. The interference that will be done, then, depends on the degree of risk. Identifying the periods of risk in a subject’s life is the predicting part. The assessment part is in response to the identifying part. If there are identified periods of risk and an increase of these periods, then the next step would be evaluation and prevention. There are certain risk factors present in a subject’s period of risk that makes him a primary candidate of a suicide attempt. When one has been in a near lethal suicide attempt already, availability of firearms, written suicide notes are the signs of highest risk people. Having a major mental illness or psychological disorder creates a higher risk. Strong predictors of a suicide in the period of risk in depression are hopelessness, mood cycling, turmoil, unusual thinking and no belief improvement. Weak predictors are those factors that a person may experience but may or may not result to depression, and eventually, suicide. Suicide ideation, on the other hand, is a poor predictor since intent has hidden information still that one must coax out to be understood. A prior suicide attempt is also a poor predictor

Are Kids Over Medicated Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Are Kids Over Medicated - Essay Example Additionally, poor health choices lead to obesity, high blood pressure, heart conditions, diabetes, and psychological conditions between the ages of 4 and 19 years (Warner 128). Consequently, doctors find it easier to offer medication instead of lasting solutions like a healthy diet, exercise, and regional medical checkups. Many parents find it affordable to treat conditions using medications and prevent adapting to healthy choices to improve overall health condition of their children. Thus, over reliance on over the counter drugs and laziness to adopt healthy lifestyle lead to overmedication of kids. Many people believe that there is a drug to cure every problem. Many parents find this as a relief, and choose to medicate to prevent their children from suffering. You shall find many homesteads have all manner of painkillers, energy boosters, and antidepressant for their kids. The immune system becomes weaker by the day due to constant reliance on medication. Once the body becomes weaker, it requires additional medication to make the immune system stronger to enable the body resume normal functioning. This creates a cycle of medication in the life of a young adult. Children often suffer from behavioral conditions such as moodiness, insomnia, anger erratic episodes, and low appetite among others, but instead of seeking psychological help, parents go for over the counter medicines to relieve these conditions. Accordingly, pharmaceutical companies stepped in to create pills that cure these conditions, yet these are common problems that kids encounter especially during teen years, and thus, do not require medication. According to recent health reports, many pharmaceutical companies are reaping high rewards for manufacturing children’s medications (Elizabeth 8). For instance, antipsychotics medication treats intellectual disability, hyperactive disorder, and disruptive behavior disorder. These same

Ethical dilemmas teachers face Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Ethical dilemmas teachers face - Research Paper Example Every lecture needs to be prepared at least one day in advance. It is far more complicated for the teachers to check the homework they give the students than for the students to do it. Each student has to bear his/her own load but the teacher has to bear the load of the whole class. In addition to that, the teacher has to take exams, check the papers and grade them. To top it all, contemporary educational setup is far more complicated than it ever was. There has occurred advancement in syllabus with the emergence of new subjects and research. The class has become more and more multicultural in terms of the ethnic origin of students. Consequently, ethical dilemmas for teachers have both increased in the level of complexity and number. â€Å"There is no single code of ethics in pluralistic societies† (Aksoy, 1999). Every day, a teacher gets into so many situations that require him to make a very important decision without the existence of a single code of ethics that he/she can follow. This paper discusses some of many ethical dilemmas that teachers all over the world face. The teachers interviewed shared their experiences and told how they tackled the situations and provide rationale for the choices they made. 1. Intervention in student’s personal life A teacher faces an ethical dilemma deciding the limits to which he/she can intervene in the personal life of a student (Kristian, 2011). This interview was from Mr. Brown who has been working as a private high school teacher for over ten years. This paragraph summarizes Mr. Brown’s account of the ethical dilemma he encountered in the school. Charles was a very active boy. His participation in the lectures was marvelous. He always did his homework on time. He had the capability to assist other students in understanding intricate concepts. He had wonderful teaching skills. When I had a question for the whole class, he would be the first to volunteer and solve the question for the whole class. One thing that was particular of Charles was that he would never miss the class. He had not been absent for a single day in his three years in the school. Then one day, Charles did not come. The following day, he was absent too. All the teachers and particularly I were very concerned about him. The school principal called him at the home number but nobody attended the call. The third day, Charles came. After the class, I asked him if everything was alright. That was when Charles told me that his step-father had physically abused him. He further told me that he wanted to shift over to his dad’s place, but his mom wouldn’t allow that because his dad had divorced her. I consoled him like I would my own son, but I knew there was not much I could do to pull him out of those problems since I was his teacher. Charles was emotionally close to me and considered me eligible to confide his secrets in. I told him to see me after the class whenever he felt like, and he did start to discuss his home issues with me frequently. I believe that â€Å"[e]ffective teachers often draw more openness from their students† (Reid and Stringer, 1997). But gradually I realized that he had become a little too dependent upon me, and would take my pieces of advice seriously. Al though I tried my best to give him the most rational advice, yet after all I was a teacher, not a counselor or a psychiatrist. I was worried that if I intervened inappropriately, that could not only put his academic career on stake, but also damage his personality. On one side, I would make him more upset if I refused to see and listen to him. On the other side, I assumed responsibility for any consequences that he might see if he followed my advice, and it led him to the wrong point. â€Å"

Take Home Exam for Com 100 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Take Home Exam for Com 100 - Essay Example Appiah emphasizes that â€Å"American social distinctions cannot be understood in terms of the concept of race† (Appiah 102). America is a diverse nation; it is composed of different races, and no race should be superior over the other. America is known for its cultural multiplicity. That’s what describes it as a nation. Furthermore, Appiah believes that â€Å"the only human race in the United States, I shall argue, is the human race† (54).He believes that social divisions are merely beliefs that have been drawn from natural historical notion or causal theory. This peculiarity requires a need for change and neutralization. Hence, the central point of this discussion shall focus on how Appiah’s claim on the existence of race would affect the way people think, act, speak and write by understanding the key points specified in Appiah’s article. Appiah claims that â€Å"what we learn when we learn a word like â€Å"race† is a set of rules for app lying the term† (57). ... Appiah argues that race cannot be identified by simply looking at the colour of the skin. The identification of race based on colour is a flawed belief in that even variations in colour are collectively joined together in some applications. For instance, the United States Census Bureau does not classify â€Å"Latino† as a single race but, regardless of the range of colours they find themselves of having, the US Census Bureau classifies them as Hispanic; you do not find a racial classification that says â€Å"Strong Brown Hispanic† or â€Å"Light Brown Hispanic†, in other words, even colour is not recognized as indicative of race; also, if race is only based on the colour of the skin, it is quite obvious that black shades are not only endowed to African-Americans or Blacks. Think about Ghanaians, Indians, or Tanzanians, they have skin colours that are relatively similar to Black Americans but much difference is being to them. Seen this way, there is a much telling reason that hides behind skin colour, which could either be a social or a cultural phenomenon because if all Blacks are regarded uniformly such that Indians are also considered as the same race with Black Americans based on their colour, Indians should have likewise experienced the stern upshots of social distinctions that are prevalent in the United States up until today. So, granting that Appiah is indeed right that there is no human race by arguing that race cannot be indentified by colour, the consequences would be immense: first, it would result into a borderless world in which people could freely intermingle and interrelate with other people without a strong regard of their physical appearance and their cognitive abilities. Second, the manner in which we speak, think, and act

Public Administration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Public Administration - Essay Example This change in the public administration in the British government has created various criticisms and incited other nations to study this strategy and modify the delivery of public service in their own government. Public administration has changed along with the growing needs of the public. On the other hand, as the number of studies in public administration increases over the years, there has been no exact definition of the term as a subject. Debates on privatization, corruption, and government values have been raised over the years but the boundaries between what is public and what is private are never identified. These two opposite sections are said to fade imperceptibly into one another because both sectors are closely entangled in the complex network of relationships that form a social system. Furthermore, the ideas of administration cannot be separated from management since it is interrelated with policy making that which is a part of studying public administration (Chandler, 2000) Public administration, defined academically, is the study of the development and maintenance of policy by members of governments, public agencies and public sector employees and the practice of implementing the authoritative decisions they have made. Patterned after the recognized definition of the word public, the study of public administration has involved the establishment and sustenance of the constitution or authoritative governments of a nation or nations. And even as it is a part of political analysis, its theories involve economics and management disciplines that are significant aspects in politics (Chandler, 2000). Chandler (2000) laid several arguments concerning public administration and its role in promoting government services. The areas that which public administration focus more were political sociology or philosophy wherein it studies the manner in which politicians perceive and react to varying social economic

Power and Politics in the Criminal Justice Organization Essay

Power and Politics in the Criminal Justice Organization - Essay Example Since aims and objectives of criminal justice organizations; the police, the courts and the corrections persist over elongated time periods, the advantages and disadvantages of occupational socializations also increase. Through another perspective, occupational socialization can be seen as legitimate and illegitimate. The legitimate occupational socialization works in favor of criminal justice organization and the illegitimate occupational socialization hinders its working. Criminal justice organizations have both formal and informal settings that provide the team members, the opportunity to interact with one another. Organizational conflict is the clash of interests, needs, and values amongst the various members of the team at the workplace. It can also be understood as the difference of personal and departmental goals (Champion, 2005). Organizational conflict affects the quality of work in criminal justice organizations adversely. Organizational conflict hampers smooth functioning of the criminal justice organizations thus denying or delaying justice to the needy. Conflicts in the criminal justice organizations can primarily emanate from two kinds of causes; personal and professional. The personal reasons can be fired by zeal for fame and concern for higher wages, promotion and reward. On the professional front, conflict can arise from failure to arrive at a consensus, making a wrong decision, etc. A law, a statute, or precedence can be interpreted d ifferently by the criminal justice organization’s administrators and managers giving rise to conflict. Organizational conflicts hamper the speedy working of criminal justice system and can also derail the process of criminal justice. They also lead to unnecessary dissipation of time and energy making the decision making process slow and cumbersome. Power is defined as the ability of an individual or a team

Public Administration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Public Administration - Essay Example This change in the public administration in the British government has created various criticisms and incited other nations to study this strategy and modify the delivery of public service in their own government. Public administration has changed along with the growing needs of the public. On the other hand, as the number of studies in public administration increases over the years, there has been no exact definition of the term as a subject. Debates on privatization, corruption, and government values have been raised over the years but the boundaries between what is public and what is private are never identified. These two opposite sections are said to fade imperceptibly into one another because both sectors are closely entangled in the complex network of relationships that form a social system. Furthermore, the ideas of administration cannot be separated from management since it is interrelated with policy making that which is a part of studying public administration (Chandler, 2000) Public administration, defined academically, is the study of the development and maintenance of policy by members of governments, public agencies and public sector employees and the practice of implementing the authoritative decisions they have made. Patterned after the recognized definition of the word public, the study of public administration has involved the establishment and sustenance of the constitution or authoritative governments of a nation or nations. And even as it is a part of political analysis, its theories involve economics and management disciplines that are significant aspects in politics (Chandler, 2000). Chandler (2000) laid several arguments concerning public administration and its role in promoting government services. The areas that which public administration focus more were political sociology or philosophy wherein it studies the manner in which politicians perceive and react to varying social economic

Relationship between French and Industrial Revolutions Essay

Relationship between French and Industrial Revolutions - Essay Example Another characteristic f the revolution is the population growth that it sparked. Following the revolution, the western population increased six times within two decades (Stanley, 24). This revolution saw the creation of factories, the rise of the working class, modernization and the rise of unions and organizations that effectively fought for the rights of the workers. However, the revolution also came with negative impacts on the society. Child labor and deaths, as well as an upsurge of diseases such as cancer are some of the negative impacts. French revolution on the other hand was a period of radical social and political transformations, which had a great impact in France as a country and the whole of the Europe community (Stanley, 20). The monarchial system was eliminated and a new political system was established. With the revolution, the aristocratic and religious privileges that were enjoyed by the ruling class ended, and a system that encompassed the creation of equality of all people was established in its place. The principles of enlightenment and of individual rights were effectively established, eliminating the traditional hierarchy system (Stanley, 48). Hunger and poverty, which was widely spread amongst the population, was a major cause for the unrests that eventually saw the revolution take place. The relationship between the French and the industrial revolution is most notable in the effects both created. It is through both that the reality of modernity in the western world was realized. The common characteristic of these revolutions is that they created new structures in the society, which paved way for modernization and equality (Stanley, 39). The French revolution transformed the country from the aristocratic monarchial leadership to a people led system of government. This way, it created a channel through which the common man could be heard, and through which their needs could be identified. A characteristic relationship between the two rev olutions is that they affected every individuals in the countries they took place. The two revolutions also affected all the aspects of the society, transforming the whole traditional society into modernity. The industrial and the French revolution are credited with sparking modernity in the whole of Europe and America (Stanley, 60). The European middle class was made by the two revolutions, in that the industrial revolution created jobs for the people, which granted them income and wealth. The French revolution on the other hand brought many changes in the political and governance system that opened up opportunities for the people in agriculture as well as in industries that eventually developed. This way, the revolutions served to establish the working class and improve the lifestyle of the people. The two revolutions marked a beginning of a different lifestyle for the people (). Both revolutions are related in the sense that they had a great impact in determining the future of th eir countries and the future generations (Stanley, 55). The present political, social, and economic systems in Europe can be traced back to the French and the industrial revolutions. The current workers and labor organizations, as well as many organizations that fight for human rights in the modern world can effectively trace their roots to the two revolutions. A major relationship between the two revolutions is the economic concepts that the two revolutio

The Service Culture At Ritz Carlton

The Service Culture At Ritz Carlton This paper mainly presents the service culture at Ritz Carlton. The paper discusses the service culture in the Ritz-Carlton Hotel. This paper covers some background history of the hotel as stated on the corporate website, service strategies golden rules incorporated by the hotel chain. With real life examples taken from interviews by professionals the service culture is illustrated and explained. The purpose of this is to inform and educate what the service culture includes and how Ritz Carlton maintains outstanding service atmosphere in all its branches across the world. This paper also states how Ritz -Carlton executes the service offered as stated in an interview taken by Jankowski. The line-up for which the hotel is known for is also discussed along with employee feedback, empowerment and their focus on service. The heritage of Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company, L.L.C. started with The Ritz-Carlton, Boston. The service standard set by this Boston landmark provided a standard for all Ritz-Carlton hotels and resorts across the world. In 1927, Mayor Curley requested Edward N. Wyner, who was a Boston real estate developer, to construct a world-class hotel. During this time, Wyner was constructing an apartment building. He agreed to change the apartment building into a hotel. Wyner was aware both of Ritzs reputation in Europe and Bostons cosmopolitan society and knew that the name would definitely bring success. After getting authorization from The Ritz-Carlton Investing Company and The Ritz Paris for using their name, he started work on the luxury hotel in Boston. The Ritz-Carlton, Boston opened its doors on May 19, 1927 charging $15 per room. As was the tradition of Cesar Ritz, Wyner maintained the privacy of his guests that attracted the elite. This policy is followed till today at all Ritz-Carlton hotels. Considered a private club for rich people, until 1960s the hotel was very formal and hotel guests had to be in the social register or admirable. It was believed that the hotel sometimes checked the quality of writing paper used by the guests when requesting reservations, having refused a few for having used inferior quality. As Boston society was formal, strict dress code was specified for all guests. Even the restaurants were strict regarding who they chose to entertain. The Cafà © did not allow women to lunch alone and until 1970, the Ritz Bar did not allow unescorted women. The hotel had its own upholstery, print shop and an in-house craftsman who was assigned to color gold stripes on the hotels furniture. Many guests were pampered and every care was taken to make them feel special. For Winston Churchill, the rooms fabric on the furniture was redone in red, as it was his favorite color. After Edward Wyner death in 1961, Cabot, Cabot Forbes (land developers) with their chairman and majority stakeholder, Gerald W. Blakely, took over the hotel. To continue with the Ritz legacy, Charles Ritz, son of legendary Cesar Ritz, was appointed on the board of The Ritz-Carlton until his death in 1977. In 1983, Blakely sold the hotel and the rights to William B. Johnson, who then established The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company. The Ritz-Carlton logo created by Cesar Ritz is a combination of the British royal seal (the crown) and the logo of a financial backer (the lion). In 1965, Cabot, Cabot and Forbes revised the logo which is used till date. In many Ritz-Carlton hotels and resorts tables are set with the signature cobalt blue glasses which were considered a status symbol in 1920s Boston. These glasses were originally made to go with the blue Czechoslovakian crystal chandeliers present in the original Dining Room in The Ritz-Carlton, Boston. The window glasses which were imported from Europe chemically reacted with Bostons climate and turned blue. Having blue glass windows meant the owners could afford imported glass so Ritz ordered them in blue color (Ritz Carlton Hotel Company LLC, 2010). Discussion Gold Standards This is the base on what The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company, L.L.C. stands. They cover the values and philosophy on what the hotel bases its operation: The Credo The Motto The Three Steps of Service Service Values The 6th Diamond The Employee Promise 1. The Credo At Ritz-Carlton Hotel genuine care and comfort of guests is of highest importance. Emphasis on providing the finest personal service and facilities for guests is important. Guests are offered a refined ambience which they can experience while relaxing. In their words The Ritz-Carlton experience enlivens the senses, instills well-being, and fulfills even the unexpressed wishes and needs of our guests (Ritz Carlton Hotel Company LLC, 2010). 2. Motto At The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company, L.L.C., We are Ladies and Gentlemen serving Ladies and Gentlemen. This motto exemplifies the anticipatory service provided by all staff members (Ritz Carlton Hotel Company LLC, 2010). 3. Three Steps of Service A warm and sincere greeting. Use the guests name. Anticipation and fulfillment of each guests needs. Fond farewell. Give a warm good-bye and use the guests name. (Ritz Carlton Hotel Company LLC, 2010) Service Values: I Am Proud To Be Ritz-Carlton. These include: I build strong relationships and create Ritz-Carlton guests for life. I am always responsive to the expressed and unexpressed wishes and needs of our guests. I am empowered to create unique, memorable and personal experiences for our guests. I understand my role in achieving the Key Success Factors, embracing Community Footprints and creating The Ritz-Carlton Mystique. I continuously seek opportunities to innovate and improve The Ritz-Carlton experience. I own and immediately resolve guest problems. I create a work environment of teamwork and lateral service so that the needs of our guests and each other are met. I have the opportunity to continuously learn and grow. I am involved in the planning of the work that affects me. I am proud of my professional appearance, language and behavior. I protect the privacy and security of our guests, my fellow employees and the companys confidential information and assets. I am responsible for uncompromising levels of cleanliness and creating a safe and accident-free environment. (Ritz Carlton Hotel Company LLC, 2010) The 6th Diamond Mystique (service value 1 to 3), Emotional Engagement (service value 4 to 9) and Functional (service value 10 to 12) (Ritz Carlton Hotel Company LLC, 2010) According to Coffman (2006), who led the Ritz Carlton team to define new service value, the middle piece of the Sixth Diamond is reviving the emotions and memories of guests by genuinely caring and making them feel recognized, important and unique. Creating the Mystique happens when we hear guests requests even before the guest knows them, going so above and beyond the call that folklore (wow moments) spreads throughout guests and hotels. The Employee Promise At The Ritz-Carlton, our Ladies and Gentlemen are the most important resource in our service commitment to our guests. By applying the principles of trust, honesty, respect, integrity and commitment, we nurture and maximize talent to the benefit of each individual and the company. The Ritz-Carlton fosters a work environment where diversity is valued, quality of life is enhanced, individual aspirations are fulfilled, and The Ritz-Carlton Mystique is strengthened. (Ritz Carlton Hotel Company LLC, 2010) The Lineup In Ritz-Carlton new employees learn the Golden Rules and they spend every day of their employment discussing one of the 20 Basics. This is done during The Lineup which is considered as the hotels most important tool. To illustrate the working of this tool we can imagine an employee who works with the kitchen staff and for initial 10-15 minutes of the day speaks with their team. They like others in the hotel, discuss one of the 20 Basics. A days discussion could center on Basic 10 which states that each employee is empowered. Therefore, when a guest needs help or suggestion, employees should break away from regular duties, address and resolve the issue immediately. Similarly, senior management meets with their top executives and respective teams. Dishwashers, doormen, and maintenance staff meet their groups respectively and discuss the meaning of Basic 10. The discussion revolves around situations, both hypothetically and in present reality. All 25,000 Ritz-Carlton employees act similar in their respective locations. So when the discussion cycle is completed with all Basic 20, the next day, everyone starts all over again, with Basic 1 (Lamton, 2003). Employee Empowerment The word empowerment is believed to be originally thought by the Ritz-Carlton. An amount is fixed on the employees resources for solving a problem immediately, without checking with a supervisor. An employee can use up to $2,000 to find an instant solution to a guests problem. An employee cannot avoid difficult situations by saying that its not their job. One cannot be limited with ones job descriptions when guest satisfaction is at stake. Employees need to step outside job boundaries, and no one questions them when they do so because it is more important to solve the issue (Lamton, 2003). Ongoing Employee Feedback Employees are empowered when occasional problems comeup and the hotels executives support, and reward continuous employee input. The hotel believes that employees are aware of what is happening, and the management must listen to them. The new employees might be asked about their opinion on improving service several times a month. Decisions are made by a small number of management staff and their reports are put into practice without any difficulty. The selection of employees is a team effort too. A supervisor does not hire an employee without taking opinions of candidates potential colleagues nor does Human Resources hire a new employee without group consultation (Lamton, 2003). Telling Wow Stories Stories can be used promote the culture and values of a company. In Ritz Carlton during the lineup, someone reads a wow story of the day. A story is communicated to all hotels in different countries. An employee in New York will hear the same story as an employee in Bali; same for one in Shanghai. These stories focus on a staff person who performs beyond his/her job description and offers a perfect service which creates an aura that alters luxury one time guests into repeat guests. There is a wow story of a family which stayed at the Ritz-Carlton, Bali. This family had carried with them special eggs and milk for their son who was suffering from food allergies. When they arrived they noticed that the eggs were broken and the milk had gone bad. The Ritz-Carlton manager and dining staff tried to look for alternatives in the local market could not find the any suitable items. Luckily the executive chef at this particular resort knew of a store in Singapore that sold them. He immediately got in touch with his mother-in-law, and asked her to buy the products and fly to Bali to give it to him at the hotel. The family was extremely happy. After such an experience, this particular family was definitely converted into a repeat customer. These stories have two functions. The first is to identify an employees dedication in front of colleagues and second is to emphasize a service value. In the above story of a family in Bali the intension was to reinstate service value No. 7: Use teamwork to meet the individual needs of our guests. This can be considered as an ideal way to express what is expected from the employees. Each story restates the way Ritz expects employees to act and shows how each employee contributes to the service values. Gallo compared two lineups; first a general one and second a more specific meeting for the housekeeping staff on the morning shift. Gallo noticed about both meetings that there was a keen interest these employees showed had outshined the enthusiasm that was observed in other companies. Employees were enthusiastic to share. The stories served as teaching tools. Two, 15-minute lineups across 61 hotels, 365 days a year. The hotel offered many hours of training to its employees but it all will not result in anything concrete unless employees were connected on an emotional level. Sharing stories helps in this matter (Gallo, 2007). Focus on Service Every single Ritz-Carlton staff member is entrusted to use up to $2,000 on a guest. Thats not per year but per incident. It is not used often, but it shows a deep trust in the staffs decision. They could use more than the designated amount after the general managers permission. The notion is to create an extremely amazing stay for a guest. It is not necessary that there is a problem, it could be something as simple as a guests birthday, an employee arranging champagne and cake in the room. Many times $2000 is to create an outstanding experience. The stories include instances of a carpenter being hired to construct a shoe tree for a guest; a laundry manager who when not being able get a stain out of a dress after trying two times took a flight from Puerto Rico to New York and returns back the dress personally; or in Dubai when a server overhears a guest speaking to his wife, on a wheelchair, that he felt bad that he was not able to take her to the beach. The waiter informs the maintenance, and the next afternoon a wooden walkway was created down the beach leading to a tent set up for dinner for them. The general manager was not made aware of this until it was complete (Reiss, 2009). Listening to customers makes it easier to personlize the service. Computers make it easier today. Ritz has a guest recognition system that has data on clients individual preferences (Janelle Maul, 2000, p.225). In an interview conducted with Diana Oreck, Vice President Ritz Carlton Leadership Centre, she throws light on how Ritz Carlton executes service culture. Following are the points made by her: Determine Culture The credo has to be clear and easy to understand. The hotel has steps of service that shows the attitudes toward interactions between employees and customers. The Ritz-Carltons three steps are: Greet guests warmly and sincerely, and use their names. Anticipate and fulfill the guests requests. Bid guests a fond farewell, and use their names. From the above, the most difficult is the second point. One can easily provide service if asked directly. It gets challenging when one has to develop an attitude that enables one to be sensitive enough to clients to foresee their needs (Jankowski, 2008). Surprise and Delight Wanda Jankowski states that recently she had stayed at a Ritz-Carlton to give her presentation. She was losing her voice and was surprised to notice that within five minutes of her arrival, the front desk person who received her during check-in sent to her room a handwritten note and a tea bag in the envelope. The note stated that hot water, lemon, and honey was coming. Hotels can train employees to anticipate clients needs. It can range from being able to sense whether a client needs more information or a suggestion regarding a storage facility while their house is being remodeled. The key is to surprise and delight customers. Employees are not expected to be on autopilot when clients needs are to be anticipated. It is important management and owner of the company to practice what they preach. If theyre not practicing service-centric values, they cant expect it from their employees (Jankowski, 2008). Reinforce Values Daily Ritz Carlton has a two-day formal orientation for its employees. 15 minute meeting are then held daily so that employees can register the cultural values. The companys values and ways to apply them in different situations are discussed. The attendances for these meetings are nonnegotiable. Every Monday and Friday, outstanding examples of customer service are discussed. These examples help in motivating employees and help them absorb service values. These examples include how each employee can treat another employee and guests. An example stated in Ritz -Carlton Atlanta, is of a guest who was asked his preference in a newspaper he would like in the morning. The guest replied that he did not need a paper, but desired a pizza right that moment. Within half an hour a sizzling hot pizza was delivered in his room. Ritz-Carlton has been able to measure through research that satisfied customers spend more money. On average employees have 40 hours to find a solution and make an impact on the customer (Jankowski, 2008). Conclusion Ritz Carlton is a hotel chain that signifies excellence. The service culture that was created in the first hotel in Boston was used as a model to replicate in other branches. Going beyond their call of duty is what Ritz Carltons employees pride themself on. The Gold Standards created by the hotel is followed in all its branches and any one is expected to be discussed every single day. The execution of service culture as stated by the Diana shows how the hotel chain considers it as an integral part of the hotel. Ritz-Carltons success has be in effectively using the information provided by its customers. Treating customers like guests and providing an unforgettable experience is what Ritz-Carlton believes in.